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AAAP2012  (Bangkok, Thailand)

Reducing greenhouse gases from agriculture by integrating food and energy in livestock based farming systems

Food and energy production from biomass in smallholder farming systems with a negative carbon footprint;
T R Preston, Finca Ecologica TOSOLY, Socorro, Colombia

On 30 August 2012 at the World Water Week Conference in Stockholm, President of Nestlé, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe said: “The production of bio-diesel puts pressure on food production through the use of land and water that would otherwise be used to grow crops for human or animal consumption. Biofuels are only affordable due to high subsidies they receive, especially in the U.S. It is absolutely unacceptable and cannot be justified to convert food into fuel”. On 13 September, Reuters reported that: “The European Union will impose a limit on the use of crop-based biofuels over fears they are less climate-friendly than initially thought and compete with food production”.  These recent statements put into perspective the debate about the wisdom underlying the policies being promoted in rich countries to replace imported petroleum products with bio-fuels derived from forms of biomass that are also the primary source of food for people and feed for animals. There is no shortage of solar energy as the sun provides Earth with as much energy every hour as human civilization uses every year. This is therefore the opportunity as well as the challenge to save the planet from the inevitable collapse that will occur at some point in the future if human-derived activities continue at present rates. The strategy should be clear to everyone; this is to utilize all forms of solar energy capture – wind, waves, tides, biomass and solar panels. This paper will discuss the options available from appropriate use of biomass to produce both food and energy in systems that are synergistic, rather than conflictive, as well as being friendly to the environment.

Manipulating microbial habitat and electron sinks to mitigate methane emissions from integrated animal production industries;
R A Leng, University of New England, Australia

The physical characteristics of fiber have a major impact on the rate and efficiency of digestion of feed in the rumen, Creating microbial habitat by chopping roughages or treating them with alkali  and other physical disruptions of the surface epithelial layers have shown how important surface area is  for bacterial attachment and  biofilm formation, which determine the rate and extent of  solubilisation of the heterogeneous substrate available to microbes. Supplying in the feed additional microbial habitat by including inert particles with a large surface area relative to weight, is potentially a way of providing habit for in particular those syntrophism organisms that are at the extremes of organic matter breakdown including methanogenic Archae and potentially microbes that reduce both nitrate and sulphate, which are also biofilm components and terminal electron acceptors that have been successfully used to significantly lower enteric  methane production

Biochar in the influent to biodigesters improves the rate of gas production and, when reacted with biodigester effluent, adsorbs nutrients enhancing its value as soil ameliorating agent;
Sisomphone Southavong,  Champasack University, Lao PDR

Biochar is the product derived by heating fibrous biomass at temperatures exceeding 600°C in limited supply of air. Its important characteristic is the surface area per unit mass which is in the range of 20 to 3000 m²/g depending on the method of processing. It is thus an ideal agent for formation of biofilms supporting consortia of microbes active in the conditions set by the substrate and the media in which it is being fermented. This presentation will describe the use of biochar (derived from the gasification of rice husks) as a soil ameliorating agent, and as an additive in the influent and effluent of biodigesters.

Biochar reduces enteric methane production and improves growth and feed conversion in cattle;
Sangkhom Inthapanya, Southanouvong University, Lao PDR

Results will be presented for: (i)   methane production when biochar (derived from gasification of rice husks in an updraft gasifier stove) was added at 1%  of the substrate DM (mixed cassava root and leaf meal) in an in vitro  rumen incubation; and (ii)  live  weight gain, feed conversion and enteric methane production in local “Yellow”  cattle supplemented with biochar at 1.5% (DM basis) of a diet of  ad libitum cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage restricted to 10 g (DM) per kg live weight.

Biodigesters and biochar to produce energy and reduce pollution from cassava starch processing;
Duong Nguyen Khang, Nong Lam University, Vietnam

Factory scale processing of cassava roots for starch extraction produces waste flows which are highly polluting. This presentation will describe technologies for reducing pollution by recycling the wastes: (i) through large scale biodigesters (washings from the factory); (ii) by gasification (the root peelings); (iii) filtration through biochar of the final waste streams; and (iv) by ensiling for animal feed (the solid waste after starch extraction).

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Manual laboratory

Preface

Follow the links  Contents

    Dry matter

    Nitrogen

Ammonia

Ash

    HCN

    NDF

    Disolved oxygen

    In vitro ileal digestibility

    In vitro gas production

    pH

    Wash value

    Water soluble solid

 

 

PrefaceThese instruction are for the use in the LABORATORY and should be seen as Manual for every – day work. The equipments and technique use in this manual very simple and easy to use. Supply for any one who want to research.

Table of contentsDry matter

HCN

Amoniac

Nitrogen

NDF

ASH

Disolved oxygen

In vitro ileal digestibility

In vitro gas production

pH

Wash value

Water soluble solids

Preparation ofthe sample

The sample preparation serves several purpose

1/ To get the sample ready for grinding

2/ to get it in the proper physical state standardized particel size

3/ To get the sample suitable for storage

It is a big advantage to pre – dry all samples because the grinding will be much easier and the samples will not deteriorate during storage.

The first step of the sample preparation is the mixing of the whole sample brought to the laboratory. This includes in some cases chopping. Take care not to get any separation of the fine particels during this mixing step.

Determination of dry matter (DM)

The principle of the method is that, by heating a certain sample, it is possible to eliminate all its water content, and then dry material is obtained. This technique necessitates a balance and a heating device, usually an oven.

Instructions

1/ Weight a dry and clean container.

2/ Add the original, fresh sample to the container, and weight both of them together.This operation is made at least in duplicates of the same sample.

3/ Dry the sample to constant weight, which implies that all the water has been eliminated.

4/ Weight the dry sample in the container.

Calculations

% DM = (DS/OS) x 100

Taking into account the weight of the container (C), then

OS = Weight of the original sample, and (OS + C)- C = OS

DS = Weight of the dry sample, and (DS + C) – C = DS

Example 

The weigh of a sample of fresh leaves plus a container was 15.12g and 13.40g in the fresh (original) and dry state, whereas the weight of the container was 12.88 g. Then :

OS = 15.12 – 12.88 = 2.24 g

DS = 13.40 – 12.88 = 0.52 g

Therefore, % DM = (0.52/ 2,24) x 100 – 23.21 %

The DM content from a duplicate of the same sample was 22.8%. Then the average DM content of the sample of leaves was.

Average % DM = (23.21 + 22.87)/2 = 23.04.

Determination of HCN

Principle :

Procedure :

Weigh of the samples ( fresh leaf about 20 grams, dry leaf about 5 grams)and then put in to flask kieldalh add 250 – 300 ml distill water and add8 ml Chloroformafter that boiling them.

Put 8 ml potassium hydroxyt 0.1 N into a 250 ml E – flask and place it on the upper shelf with receive tube dipped in the potassium. When there is 100 ml in the E – flask it OK.

Titration with Nitrate silver 0.1 N the colour from white in to chase white colour

Calculation :

V * 0.005204

% HCN =———————-* 100

Weight

V: ml silver nitrate titration

0.005204 : 1 ml silver nitrate equivalent0.005204 g HCN

Determination of Amoniac

Principle :

Procedure :

- Weight of the samples and then put in to the kieldalh

add about 5 g Oxyt magie add 300 ml distill water after that boiling them.

- Using 250 ml triangle bottleadd 50 ml boric acid 4% collect amoniac until 200 – 250 mland then titration with sulfuric acid 0.1 N. The colour from white in to initial pink

Calculation :

V * 0.0017

% Amoniac =—————-* 100

Weight

V : ml acid titration

0.0017 : constant 1 ml acid equivalent 0.0017 gamoniac

Determination of Nitrogen

Prepare chemical

- Salt mixture : K2SO4 : CuSO4. 5H2O in to 10 : 1 proportion

Take 1000g K2SO4 and mix well with 100g CuSO4.5H2O

- Sulphuric acid for digestion : Concentrated, ind. Grade is enough

- Sodium hydroxide : 40% NaOH in tap water = 10 N

Dissolve 2kg NaOH in tap water and make up to 5 litter

- Mix indication : Methylenblue and Methyl red

Dissolve 0.12g Methylen blue in 100 ml Ethanol

Dissolve 0.270g Methyl red in 200 ml Ethanol

Mix the two!

*Boric acid + indicator

2% boric acid in water + mix indicator

Dissolve 100 g of boric acid in water and make up to 5 litter.Add 25 ml of mixed indicator.

* Sulphuric acid for titration 0.1 N

Prepare a 1,00 N (0.5 M) H2SO4 from aspulle if possible.

Dilute it 10 times. Take 100 ml and make up to 1000 ml

Principles

Procedure

Digestion 

Weigh accurately samples and put samples in to kieldaldflask add 10 – 15 g of this salt mixture and add 25 ml acid sulphuric concentration and then put the flask on the heatersand boiling them.

Digest until the colour has turned green it Ok

Allow the flask to cool down for at least 30 min

Add 250 ml of distill water

Distillation

Put 50 ml of boric acid + indicator solution in to a 250 – 300 ml E – flask and place it on the upper shelf with the receiver tube dipped in the acid

Pour careful 90 – 100 ml of NaOH 40% in the flask

connect the flask to the distiller and then shake it carefully. This has to be done as quickly as possible to avoid lossed of nitrogen

When there is 150 ml in the E-flask, lift it down to the lower shelf, continue the distillation until there is 175 ml in the E-flask

Wait for 5 – 10 minute so the last distillate can come down into the E-flask

Titration and calculation

Titration with 0.1 N H2SO4 until the colour is between green and purle

correct the titer with the blank – value

Two blanks should be run every time a new preparation of boric acid is used and also when you start using a new bulk of any of the chemicals.

Calculation

(Titer – blank x 0.875)

% CP =—————————-

Sample weight (g)

(Titer – blank x 0.14)

% Nitrogen =————————–

Sample weight (g)

0.1 x 0.014 x 6.25 x 100

* 0.875 =——————————-

1000

 

* 0.1= The strength of the acid for titration

* 14=Formula weight for nitrogen

* 6.25= Factor to transfer from nitrogen to protein on most feed samples

* 1000 = Conversion from liters to milli – liters

* 100= To get %

 

Note : Always use protectives like lab, coats, gloves and spectacles when working with

strong acids and alkalines.

 

Determination of NDF

Prepare chemicals for NDF

Bottle 1 : 150 g sodium dodecyl sulfate + 50 ml Tri – ethylenglycol + 2 litter water

Bottle 2 : 93.05g EDTA + 34.05g sodium tetraborate + 1 litter water

Bottle 3 : 22.8g Disodium hydrogen phosphate + 1 litter water gently boiling and cool down

Bottle 4 = put 2 and 3 into 1 adiust until 5 litters and correct pH 6.9 – 7.0 it OK

 

Principle

Procedure

Weigh accurate 1 – 1.5g of the grinded sample into a beaker (600ml) or flask. Add 100 ml of NDF – solution and 2 ml of decalin.

Heat to boil and reflux for 60 minute

Place a previously tared glassfillter – crucible on the filtermaniflold. Transfer contents of beaker to the crucible while using low vacuum from the beginning. Rinse beaker with hot water and also the residue in the crucible with hit water. Rinse finally twice with acetone. Dry crucible at 105^oC over night. Weigh out after cooling down in a desiccator. Ash at 500^oC for 2 – 3 hours. Cool down in desiccator and weigh again.

 

OS – DR

% WL (DM) =————– x 100

OS

 

Weigh after drying – Tare weight

NDF (INCL ASH) % =———————– x 100

Sample weight

 

Weigh after drying – weigh after ASH

NDF (EXCL ASH) % =———————— x 100

Sample weight

Determination oftotalASH

Weigh accurately ( 1 mg) 1 – 5 grams of sample into a tare porcelain crucible. Ash the material until greyish ash results in an electric furnace at 550^oC – 600^oC . The time it takes depends on the sample and the furnace, normally 3 – 4 hours. Cool the crucible and its contents in a desiccator and weigh. If the ash is not greyish you could treat it with hot water, filter through, ashfree filterpaper, wash with hot water and transfer the filterpaper to a crucible and ash again for 5 – 10 min, then cool in a desiccator and weigh

 

Calculation

Weight of sample after ashing

ASH % =—————————————– x 100

Weight of sample before ashing

Determination of dissolved oxygen

The oxygen which is dissolved in water is determined by a portable disolved oxygen meter (DO meter) from Hanna instruments (HI 8543). The principle of the determination is based on polarography. The DO meter has a disolved oxygen probe consisting of a membrane covering the polarographic sensor and a built-in thermistor for temparature measurements and compensation. Dissolved oxygen can be estimated in the range of 0.0 to 19.9 mg/l with a resolution of 0.1mg/l and an accuracy of 0.2 mg/l.

 

Instructions

1/ Connect the DOmeter with the DO probe and switch on. Wait about 10 minutes to ensure the probe has been polarized.

2/ Prepare the electrolyte solution by adding 15 to 20 drops of HI 7041 solution into 20 ml of distilled water.

3/ Wet the sensor by soaking the bottom of the probe in the dilute electrolyte solution for 5 minutes.

This is done by unscrewing the protective red and black plastic cap. Ensure the o-ring is properly placed inside the membrane. Rinse the membrane cap with electrolyte while shaking it gently. Refill with fresh electrolyte. Gently tap the sides of the membrane with the finger tip to ensure that no air bubbles remain. To avoid damage, do no tap the membrane directly on the bottom. With the sensor facing down, firmly screw the membrane cap clock -wise to the end of the threads. Some electrolyte will overflow.

4/ For slope calibration, rinse the probe throughly (particularly after the zero calibration) with

some water and blot dry in a manner as not to damage the membrane (use cloth or softpaper). Place the probe in vertical position in air. Wait a few minutes until themeasurement stabilizes.

Press and hold the red button between the two calibration screws. The decimal point shoulddisappear from the display. Using a small screwdriver, turn the slope trimmer until the

display reads 100. Release the red button and the display will show the saturation value at

that ambient temperature. Saturation value is the maximum dissolvable oxygen value in a

liquid at that temperature.

5/ Dissolved oxygen is determined in the samples after slope calibration. All the

measurementsare referred to sea level and zero salinity..

In vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), N andorganic matter (OM) in pigs.

Principle

The in vitro estimation of ileal digestibility permits the evaluation of the quality of feeds, specially N and amino acids for pigs. It has been well established the straight correlation which does exits between in vitro ileal and in vitro (pepsin/ pancreatin), and in turn, the interdependence between in vitro ileal N digestibility and performance traits of economic importance in pigs.

The methods herein described is that proposed by Dierick et al (1985) fully developed in tropical non conventional feeds at the swine Research Institute at Havana by the research team of Ly (see for example, Dominguez et al 1996).

 

Procedure

1/ Weight an amount of dry and ground sample containing 150 mg of protein (N x 6.25) and put it into a 100 ml erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 ml of a pepsin solution ( 1mg enzyme/`ml HCL 0.075 N) plus a drop of timerosal.

2/ Incubate the sample in a water bath at 37^oC (preferably 80 strockes per minute) during 4 hours.

3/ Neutralize until pH = 7.5 with NaOH (or KOH) 0.2N (about 7.5 ml).

4/ Add 20 ml of a solution of 15% pancreatin in a phosphate buffer. The phosphate buffer

can be prepare by mixing 10 of a solution of 31.50g KH2PO4.3H2O/ L and 90 ml of

another solution of 45.6g K2HPO4/ L. The solution is adjusted to pH = 7.5 and made up to

a L with distilled water. Repeat the incubation in a water bath at 37^oC as in 2.

5/ Add a solution of sodium tungstate (5%) to precipitate the undigested protein.

6/ Transfer the solution quantitatively to a 120 ml centrifuging tube and centrifugue the

sample during 10 minutes at 1250 rpm. As alternative, filter quantitatively, in a previously

weighed filter paper.

7/ Dry to constant weight to determine the dry insoluble residue

8/ Determine the ash content in other dry insoluble residue to calculate the insoluble organic matter.

9/ Determine the N content by the Kjeldhal procedure in another dry insoluble residue.

Calculation

OS – DR

% IVDDM =————— x 100

OS

Where :

* OS = Weight of the original sample, in dry basis

* DR = Weight of the dry residue

When the in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) or in vitro digestibility of N (IVDM) is to be estimated, calculate by the same procedure for example, the IVDN should be calculated by the following equation.

NOS -N DR

% IVDN =——————-x 100

N OS

Where :

* NOS = mg of N in the original sample

* NDR = mg of in the dry residue.

 

References

Dierick, N, Vervaeke, I., Decuypere, J. and Henderickx, H. 1985. Protein digestion in pig measured in vitro and in vitro. In : Proc, 3^rd Int. Seminar Dig. Physiol. Pig (A. Just, H. Jogensen and J. A. Fernandez, ed.) Kobenhavn p 329 – 332.

Dominguez, P. L., Molinet, Y. and Ly, J. 1997. Ileal and in vitro digestibility in the pig of three floating aquatic macrophytes. Livest. Res. Rural Devel. 8(4) : 37 – 44.

Determination of the in vitro gas production.

The in vitro gas production (IVDP) technique measures the evolution of gases (methane and carbon dioxyde) which are produced as end products of fermentation in the rumen. Production of carbon dioxyde is partly from the fermentation and partly as result of formation of short chain fatty acids which expels carbon dioxyde from the bicarbonate buffer solution.

The method is important for feed evaluation, particularly to predict animal performance such as feed digestibility and intake in the ruminant. It has the advantage of the in vitro technique a great number of samples can be evaluate at the same time, it is time saving and cheaper than those methods requiring the use of animals, thus becoming expensives by feed cost.

The IVGP technique provides a great advantage in that the fermentation take place in a glass syringe which allow for several measurements to be made in the same by measuring the gas volume at different intervals of time. This means that not only the possible extent of fermentation can be measured.

The procedure herein described is that of Menke and Steingass (1988)

Instroduction

1/ All substrates should e milled using a 1mm screen. Weigh 200 mg substrate into each

(numbered) syringe and record actual weight. Include a blank (for example. Rumen fluid/

buffer mixture on its own) at the beginning, in the middle of the set, and at the end. A

sample of hay can be milled and used as a control by including a syringe with the hay at the beginning and the end of each rum. Samples should be done in duplicate or triplicate.

After the weighings are completed, grease the plungers with vaseline, and place inincubator at 38oC. This is normally done the day before the run.

2/ Measure distilled water, buffer solution, macromineral solution, micromineral solution

and resazurin solution into a round, flat bottomed, flask – warm to 38oC. Then add

reducing solution of sodium sulphide. Place it in a small water bath on magnetic stirrer,

put magnet into flask and gently bubble carbon dioxyde through the solution until the blue

color turn to pink, then clear. This means the buffer solution is now reduced. Raise the

carbon dioxyde tube so that it will be above the level of the buffer/ rumen fluid mixture,

but providing a stream of carbon dioxyde into the flask throughout the dispensing

procedure. The pH of buffer should be 7 – 7.3.

3/ Collect rumen fluid from the donnor animal, strain through gauze into a warm beaker, the

final ratio of rumen buffer fluid should be 1:2 Mix rumen fluid in beaker and transfer to

flask with buffer solution. Make sure the magnet is mixing properly during the whole

process of dispensing the buffer/ rumen fluid mixture into the syringes. Add 30 ml to each

syring using the dispenser (do 2 – 3 times 30 ml amounts into a beaker at the beginning to

be sure the dispenser is properly charger). Fill the syringe, then open the clip and gently

push the plunger of the syringe so that all the gas is removed. Record the level in each

syringe and place it in the water bath.

Times of reading can be chosen to suit the type of substrate in the syringes. For forages 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours are suitable but for concentrate type substrate it may be necessary to take more reading in the first 24 hours. It is advisable to gently mix each syringe2 – 3 the lectures made at 24 hours and 48 hours.

Gas production is estimated in ml/ 0.2 g of sample per 48 hours.

Preparation of solution

1/ Macromineral solution.

Na2HPO45.7 g

KH2PO46.2 g

MgSO4. 7H2O0.6 g

Make up to one liter with distilled water

2/ Buffer solution

NaHCO335 g

(NH4)HCO34 g

 

Make up to one liter with distilled water

3/ Micromineral solution

 

CaCL2. 2H2O13.2 g

MnCL2. 4H2O10.0 g

CoCL2. 6H2O1.0 g

FeCL2. 6H2O0.8 g

Make up to 100 ml with distilled water

4/ Reducing solution

NaOH 1N2ml

Distilled water47.5 ml

Na2.7H2O0.285 g

 

5/ Resazurin solution

Resazurin 0.100 g

Make up to 100 ml with distilled water

6/ Preparation of the buffer solution

Distilled water474 ml

Macromineral solution (number 1)237 ml

Buffer solution(number 2)237 ml

Micromineral(number 3 )0.12 ml

Resazurin solution (number 5)1.22 ml

Warm to 38oC, then add reducing solution (number 4), prepared fresh for each run.

Determination of pH

The pH value in different types of samples is determined by a portable digital pHmeter. The principle of the determination is based on potentiometry. Thee pHmeter has a pH combination electrode and pH values can be estimated in the range of 0.00 to 14.00 with a resolution of 0.01 and accuracy of 0.01.

Instructions

1/ Connect the pHmeter with the pH electrode and switch. Set the mode switch to thr pH

position. This will activate the liquid cristal display. Condition the electrode in buffer 7.00

until the display is fully stable (about 30 minutes). Give a stirring action to the electrode

each time it is placed in a new solution.

2/ Adjust the calibration control to make the display read the value of buffer 7.00. Rinse the

electrode with distilled water and blot dry.

3/ Inmerse the electrode in buffer 4.00. When the display is stable (30 seconds), adjust the

slope control to make the display read the value of buffer 4.00. The pH value are 6.99 and

4.01 for buffer 7.00 and 4.00 respectively at 30oC. Error may be minimum in the case that

pH value are not adjust to the temperature of the solution to be tested.

The apparatus is now calibration to read samples with pH 0 – 14.

4/ Rinse the electrode with distill water, blot dry and inmerse in the saple. The sample must

be homogenous. When the display is stable (30 seconds), it will read the pH of the sample

Repeat this step for continued samples. Periodically check calibration, at least one per day.

5/ When all samples are completed, keep the electrode inmerse in distilled water. The

electrode shall never be kept dry, otherwise electrode damage shall be irreversible.

Determination of the wash value

Washing losses or a wash value of a sample are considered to be the amount of water soluble substances readily utilizable by the animal. This technique was first applied to ruminant studies concerning the digestibility of roughages.It now has been suggested to be directly related to the cell contents (100 – NDF) of a sample, which in turn, could be of application in non ruminant nutrition studies too.

The method herein described it that proposed by Ly and Preston (1997) which studies some detail of the analytical technique, not taken into consideration previously. This technique requires a balance, an oven and a comercial semiautomatic washing machine. On the other hand, it is necessary to use nylon bags of 50 x 50 mm. This bag are made of nylon filter cloth with a pore size of 45 to 55 micrometers, and are available from some catalogue list.

Instructions

1/ Weight a dry and clean bag

2/ Add to the bag, very carefully, 1 g f air – dried sample or 5 g of fresh sample. Weight again

this operation is made at least in triplicate of the same sample. The mouth of the bag must

be tightly close, such as to avoid losses during washing. This procedure can be afford by a

rubber band.

3/ Wash the bag in a comercial, semiautomatic washing macbine of 15 min – cycle, during 90

min, discarding the water every two cycle. Use tap water at room temperature. The ratio of

water per bag is of 3 litters.

4/ After washing, let the bag to drain and dry it in an oven to constant weight

5/ Determine the wash value taking into account the original dry matter of the sample.

6/ The sample is followed for determining the wash value of nitrogen in the sample. In this

opportunity, the N content in the original and in the washed sample should be used for

calculations.

Calculations

OS – DR

% WL (DM) =————– x 100

OS

Where OS is the weight in g of the original sample, in dry basis, and DR is the weight in g of the dry residue.

If it is desire to determine the wash value of N in the sample, then the calculation will be as follows

NS – NR

% WL (N) =————– x 100

NS

Where NS and NR in the nitrogen content determined in the original sample and in the residue obtain after washing. The nitrogen content is usually expressed in percent in dry basis, in both cases.

Determination of water soluble solids

Water soluble solids (WSS) are estimated by refractometry, taking into account that a straight interdependence exists between brix and refractive indices in certains solutions. A hand refractometer (Fisher Scientific, catalogue No. 13 – 946 – 60A) will be used for WSS determination in leaves and sugar cane juice. The measuring range of the instrument is 0 – 32% (accuracy, 0.2%)

Calibration procedure

1/ Keep distilled water and instrument at room temperature (20oC) for 1 hours.

2/ Open the prism cover and put one or two drops of distilled water on the prism. Close the

prism gently.

3/ Direct the prism towards a light source and look at the scale through the eyepiece.

4/ Rotate the view control to a clean image of the scale. Real the scale. It the scale is correct,

the boundary line meets with ?0″ position. No calibration is needed. IF the boundary line is

out of ?0″ position, calibration the boundary line to indicate ?0″ position by turning the

calibration screw with a screwdriver.

5/ Calibration is completed wipe off the distilled water from the prism with a soft clean cloth

or tissue paper.

Instructions.

1/ Open the prism cover and put one or two drops of the sample in the prism.

2/ Close the prism cover gently

3/ The sample volume must cover the prism surface entirely

4/ Direct the prism towards a light source and look at the scale through the eyepiece

5/ Rotate the view control to focus a clean image of the scale. Real the scale where the

boundary line interrupts it.

6/ After every measurement, wipe the sample from the prism with a soft cloth of tissue paper

and water. Keep the prism clean and dry to get the correct reading.

7/ Calculate WSS content (Brix %) from the determined refractive indice (nD), see table 1

Table 1 : Brix (%) vs refractive index (nD)

Brix (%) Refractive indices (nD)Brix (%)Refractive indices (nD)

0                1.33299                17                1.35890

1                1.33423                18                1.36053

2                1.33588                19                1.36218

3                1.33733                20                1.36348

4                1.33880                21                1.36551

5                1.34027                22                1.36719

6                1.34176                23                1.36888

7                1.34027                24                1.37059

8                1.34477                25                1.3723

9                1.34629                26                1.3740

10              1.34783                27                1.3758

11            1.34927                  28                1.3775

12            1.35093                29                1.3793

13            1.35250                30                1.3811

14            1.35408                31                1.3829

15            1.35567                32                1.3847

The hand refractometer is designed to be used at  20oC, and when used above 20oC, the reading value (brix %) have to be correcting referring to table 2 by adding the following value

Table 2 : Temperature compensation table

Reading (brix %)

Temp (0oC)	0	5	10	15	20	25	30	35
25	0.33	0.35	0.36	0.37	0.38	0.38	0.39	0.39
26	0.40	0.42	0.43	0.44	0.45	0.46	0.47	0.47
27	0.48	0.50	0.52	0.53	0.54	0.55	0.55	0.55
28	0.56	0.57	0.60	0.61	0.62	0.63	0.63	0.63
29	0.64	0.66	0.68	0.69	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72
30	0.72	0.74	0.77	0.78	0.79	0.80	0.80	0.81

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Workshops

Writing papers and posters

SIDA-SAREC workshops in Vietnam (2000-2003)

Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;  18-20January  2000)

Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources (Hue, Vietnam, March 25 to 27, 2003)

MEKARN Workshops (2001 –

Cassava as livestock feed (July 23-25 2001) in Khon Kaen University, Thailand

Workshop on Swamp buffalo (Sofitel  Plaza Hotel Hanoi 17-18 Dec. 2001)

Recent developments in recycling of livestock wastes through biodigesters and water plants (Saigon Prince Hotel, Ho Chi Minh City, March 10-11, 2002)

Workshop on Small Ruminant Production in South East Asia (Hanoi, Vietnam, 2-4 March 2005)

Livestock-Based Sustainable Farming Systems in the Lower Mekong Basin (MEKARN)” (Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam, 23 to 25 May 2005).

Forages for pigs and rabbits (CelAgrid, Cambodia, August 2006)

Matching Livestock Systems with Available Resources (NIAH, Halong Bay, November 2007)

Organic rabbit production (Cantho University, November 2008)

Livestock, Climate Change and the Environment (An Giang University, November 2009)

Livestock, Climate Change and Resource Depletion (Champasack University, November 2009)

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock and Soils

Livestock-Based Farming Systems, Renewable  Resources and the Environment, 6-9 June 2012, Dalat, Vietnam

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Proceedings of the International Conference Livestock-Based Farming Systems, Renewable  Resources and the Environment 6-9 June 2012, Dalat, Vietnam (Editors: Reg Preston and Sisomphone Southavong)

Links are to the full papers unless prefaced by AB when they go to the abstract

Background to the MEKARN Program; Duong Nguyen Khang, NLU, Vietnam

Achievements in Research and Future Strategies, T R Preston,  UTA,  Colombia

Achievements in PhD and MSc training, Ewa Wredle, SLU, Sweden

Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Live stock

The effects of added biochar on methane production from in vitro incubation of rumen fluid; Sangkhom Inthapanya,  R A Leng and T R Preston; Souphanovong University, Lao PDR

Effect of cassava foliage from “sweet’ and “bitter” varieties on methane production in in vitro incubation of molasses supplemented with potassium nitrate or urea; Le Thuy Binh Phuong, NLU, Vietnam

Effect of potassium nitrate and urea on feed intake, digestibility, N balance and methane production of goats fed basal diets of  Mimosa (Mimosa pigra) and Gliricidia foliages supplemented with molasses; Phonevilay Silivong, Xaykham Onphachanh, Aloun Ounalom,  and T R Preston, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University, Lao PDR

Effects of adding of nitrate, supfate and molybdate on rumen methane levels and milk yield in dairy goats fed basal diet of molasses supplemented with Stylosanthes foliage; Chu Manh Thang, Nguyen Ngoc Anh and Can Thi Hop, National Institute of Animal Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam, BaVi Goat and Rabbit Research centre

Effects of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis) leaf powder supplementation with different levels on rumen fermentation, feed digestibility and methane production in an in vitro incubation.; Nguyen Suc Manh, Le Van Hung, Nguyen Thanh Long and Nguyen Thi Huyen,   National Institute Animal Science,  Hanoi Agricultural University

Protein solubility in different forages and methane production in an in vitro incubation; Ho Quang Do, Tran Duy Khoa, Trinh Phuc Hao and T R Preston, Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam

Effect of supplementing Tithonia diversifolia leaves with potassium nitrate or urea on methane production using sugar cane stalk as energy source; Siton Kongvongxay, Sangkhom Inthapanya and T R Preston, LRC, NAFRI, Lao PDR

Methane emissions, feed intake and nitrogen retention in cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage with NPN from potassium nitrate or urea; Cheat Sophal, Duong Nguyen Khang, T R Preston and R A Leng

Effect of Sesbania sesban foliage on intake, digestibility and N retention of growing goats fed foliage of Operculina turpethum forage as the basal diet; Vo Lam, Bui Phan Thu Hang and T R Preston, Angiang University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vietnam

Methane emissions, feed intake and nitrogen balance in cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage with NPN from potassium nitrate or urea; Cheat Sophal, Duong Nguyen Khang and T R Preston, RUA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mitigation of methane emission by means of oil and nitrate supplement in diets of growing cattle; Tran Hiep, Dang Vu Hoa* and Nguyen Xuan Trach,  Faculty of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture – Vietnam

Effects on growth of goats and enteric methane emissions of supplementing foliage of Melia azedarach with foliage of Mimosa pigra; Bui Phan Thu Hang, Vo Lam and T R Preston, An Giang University, Vietnam

Local feed resources for cattle and sheep

Effects of supplementation with Sesbania sesban and Mimosa pigra on feed intake, digestibility and N retention in growing goats fed a basal diet of foliage of Tithonia diversifolia; Nguyen Thi Thu Hong,  Nguyen Ba Trung and Dang Van Thang, An Giang University, Vietnam

ÀB: Potential of Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) in farming system: biomass yield and as forage diet for goats; Nguyen Van Sao, Hoang Minh Thanh and Nguyen Thi Mui, Ninh Binh Rabbit Breeding Station, NIAS

Comparison of different forages as supplements to a basal diet of chopped cassava stems for growing goats; Trinh Xuan Thanh, Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Khuc Thi Hue, Ly Thi Luyen and T R Preston, Goat and Rabbit Research Center, NIAS, Bavi, Vietnam

Merremia peltata Merr as forage source for growing goats; Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Luu Thi Nhan and T R Preston,  Goat and Rabbit Research Center Sontay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Nutritive value comparison of foliage from Trichanthera gigantea and Tithonia diversifolia for growing goats; Nguyen thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Van Hon and Nguyen Thiet, Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam

AB: Using Melia azedarach Linn. leaves in Co goat diet in Cat hai island district, Haiphong city; Ngô Thành Trung, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

AB: Use of ensiled groundnut haulm for growing cattle in Bac Giang  province; Mai Thi Thom, Nguyen Xuan Trach and Nguyen Thi Tu, Faculty of Animal science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

AB: Effect of supplementation with stem, pod and leaf of soybean hay on growth rate of Co and  F1 (Bach Thao x Co) goats in Hoa Binh province; Nguyen Ba Mui, Bui Thi Minh Chau and T R Preston, Faculty of Animal science and Aquaculture. Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

Supplementing Tithonia diversifolia with Guinea grass or tree foliages: effects on feed intake and live weight gain of growing goats; Ngo Hong Chin and Khuc Thi Hue, Goat and Rabbit Research Center Sontay, Hanoi, Vietnam

The effects of Eupatorium odoratum foliage compared with cassava foliage on growth and intestinal nematode infestation in goats; Vu Thi Thu Hang, Nguyen Kha Tu and  Chu Duc Tuy, Goat and Rabbit Research Center Sontay, Hanoi, Vietnam

AB: Effect of Fortunes Empress (Faulownia fortunei) leaf diet on intake and growing rate of local goat; Bui Huu Doan; Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnamm

Local feed resources for pigs and poultry

Effect of adding different Phyllanthus amarus powder concentrations in chicken diet on their growth performance and health; Nguyen Hieu Phuong and Nguyen Quang Thieu, NLU

Use of Tra fish by-products and water hyacinth as replacements for protein, minerals and vitamins in diets of laying ducks raised in a biosecure duck-fish system on smallholdings in the Mekong Delta; Bui Xuan Men and Tran Thi Thuy Hang, Cantho University

Effect of garlic and Tra fish oil supplementation on performance, egg production and quality, serum lipids, yolk cholesterol of laying hens; Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung, Le Thanh Phuong, Le Thanh Quang and Luu Huu Manh,  CanTho University, CanTho, Vietnam

Replacing rice bran by mixture of taro (Colocasia esculenta) foliage and banana stem on intake and nutrient digestibility of crossbred pigs; Chhay Ty, Pok Samkol,  Aing Kimseang, Sorn Suheang and T R Preston, CelAgrid, Cambodia

AB: Effect on growth performance of ducks of supplementing a basal diet of rice bran with water spinach, duckweed or ensiled taro leaves; Sengsouly Phongphanith, Visam Vilaysack, Sangkhom Inthapanya and T R Preston, Souphanovong University, Lao PDR

AB: Improvement of the nutritive value of cassava residue, soybean waste and rice bran through fermentation method with different micro-organisms; Le Thanh Ca and Trần Thị Thu Hồng, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

Supplementing  diets of lactating sows with catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product oil;  effects  on milk production and fatty acid composition, and performance of sows and piglets; Nguyen Thi Thuy, College of Agriculture, CanTho University, CanTho, Vietnam

Effect of protein-enriched rice or fish meal on growth performance of crossbred pigs fed a basal diet of cassava root meal and ensiled taro foliage; Chiv Phiny, T R Preston, Khieu Borin and Mao Thona, Center for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid), Cambodia ed diets

Apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance in crossbred Mong Cai*Moo Laat pigs fed diets varying in proportions of ensiled Taro forage; Taysayavong Lotchana, Vyraphet Phetsamay, Vivasane Souksakone and T R Preston, Champasack University, Lao PDR

Effect of replacing soybean meal with leaf meals of cassava, paper mulberry and wild sun-flower on growth of  local pigs fed maize-based diets in Northern Lao PDR; Ammaly Phengvilaysouk,  Thanoungsinh Dangkhounsay, Phonpaseuth Phengsavanh, Soukanh Keonouchanh and Tassilo Tiemann, Livestock Research Centre, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute

Effect of  replacing fish meal by a mixture of  ensiled taro (Colocasia esculenta) foliage and  sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas L.) on reproduction and piglet performance in VanPa  sows in  central Vietnam; Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and T R Preston, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

Ensiled mixed foliage (taro leaves + petioles and banana pseudo-stems) as replacement of rice bran for Mong Cai sows in small holder farms in Thua Thien Hue province; Hoang Nghia Duyet, HUAF, Vietnam

Effect on growth performance and carcass quality of fattening pigs of replacing protein concentrate by a mixture of coconut meal and catfish residue; Le Thi Men, Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam

The use of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) hulls in diets of laying hens ; Nguyen Thi Vinh, Bui Quang Tuan and Nguyen Minh Hang, Faculty of Animal science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

Comparison of growth, carcass performance and meat quality of local (Ban) pigs and F1 crossbred pigs resulted from Mong Cai boar and Ban sow raised in households in Doc Lap commune Ky Son district of Hoa Binh province; Vu Dinh Ton and Le Huu Hieu, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture

AB: Chemical composition, digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing  pigs of ensiled mixtures of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott) foliage and banana pseudo-stem; Du Thanh Hang, HUAF, Vietnam

Influence of phytase supplementation to rice bran – based diets on the digestibility and phosphorus excretion in growing pigs; N T Long, T T B Ngoc and L T H Thao, National Institute of Animal Science, Vietnam

AB: Utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a new protein source on performance of laying hens in Vietnam; Bui  Tran Anh Dao, Bui  Van Dinh and Dang Thuy Nhung

Effect of fresh cassava leaves and water spinach as protein sources in diets on N and amino acid digestibility in growing crossbred pigs; Chhay Ty, Le Duc Ngoan, Le Dinh Phung; Center for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid), Cambodia

Effect of fresh water hyacinth (Eichhornia craszsipes L.) in the diets on growth rate, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis of local goose in the Mekong delta of Vietnam; Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Van Thu, Cantho University, Vietnam

Effect of supplementing rice bran with ensiled taro foliage and catfish residue  on growth performance of Guinea-fowl; Pham Tan Nha and T R Preston, Can Tho University, VietNam

Fish production from natural resources

Growth of red tilapia (Oreochomis mossambicus) and black tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus) with common carp (Ciprinus carpio) in monoculture and polyculture by using natural feed in ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent; Yen Nhi N H and T R Preston, Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, Vietnam, An Giang University, Vietnam

Using bioslurry and fresh pig manure for polyfish culture; Kim Van Van, Nguyen Van Tuyen, Pham Thi Lam Hong and Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong, Faculty of Animal science and Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves utilization as protein replacement for soybean meal on the growth performance of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus); Kong Saroeun,  Chhay Ty, Vor Sina and T R Preston, CelAgrid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Replacing earthworm by water spinach or duckweed for growing frogs with basal diet of rice bran and broken rice; Ung Ratha, Chhay Ty, Vor Sina, Khieu Borinand T R Preston, CelAgrid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Utilization of biodigester effluent for raising biomass of Chlorella; Trinh Thi Lan, Nguyen Huu Yen Nhi and Le Tran Minh Khoa, An Giang University, Vietnam

Local feed resources for rabbits

Effect of mixed or separate feeding of Centrocema pubescens and Para grass on feed utilization, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of rabbits; Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Van Thu, Cantho University, Vietnam

AB: Response of growth rate in rabbits to paddy rice given as a supplement to either water spinach or mixed water spinach and water hyacinth leaves ; Bui Phan Thu Hang, Vo Lam and T R  Preston, Angiang University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vietnam

Effects of supplementation of paddy rice and/or rice grain and/or rice husk to sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines as basal diet on feed intake, growth performance and digestibility of New Zealand White rabbits; Nguyen Thi Duong Huyen, Nguyen Xuan Trach and T R Preston, Hanoi University of Agriculture

Leaf extract from Tithonia diversifolia  cures Scabies in rabbits; Vu Thi Thu Hang, Do Chien Thang, Nguyen Ngoc Anh and T R Preston; Goat & Rabbit Research Centre, Vietnam

Growth performance of New Zealand White rabbits fed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines supplemented with paddy rice or Guinea grass supplemented with commercial concentrate; Ly Thi Luyen, GRRC, NIAS, Bavi, Vietnam

AB: Effects of graded paddy rice levels supplemented to Malvaviscus foliage (Malvaviscus penduliflorus) as basal diets on feed intake, daily weight gain and economic returns of rabbits in central Vietnam; Le Thi Lan Phuong; Faculty of animal sciences, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, 102 Phung Hung street, Hue City, Vietnam

AB: Growth performance of growing rabbits fed components of paddy rice as energy source in basal diet of Operculina turpethum or Operculina turpethum mixed with water spinach; Nguyen Huu Tam, Bui Phan Thu Hang, Vo Lam and T R Preston, Angiang University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vietnam

Improving soil fertility and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Effect of effluent treated biochar and biodigester effluent on growth of maize (Zea mays) and on soil physical properties; Sisomphone Southavong and T R Preston,  Champasack University, Champasack province, Lao PDR

AB: The effect  of Mimosa pigra on soil fertility measured with the maize biotest ; Nguyen Thi Thu Hong, An Giang University, Vietnam

AB: Effect of biochar,  biodigester effluent and effective micro-organisms (EM) on growth and nitrate content of water spinach ; Somphanh  Bounyavong, Sangkhom Inthapanya and  T R Preston, Souphanovong University, Lao PDR

Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on biomass yield of Taro (Colocacia esculenta); Souksakhone Vivasane , Phetsamay Vyraphet and Sisomphone Southavong, Champasack University, Laos

Effect of chicken manure composted with mixture of native microorganisms or bio-plant product on growth yield of Brassica juncea L.; Nguyen Hong Hanh, Pham Tien Dung and T R Preston, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

Efficiency of compost fertilizer processed from wastes of animal production and biochar to improve physio-chemical  properties and agricultural potential of deprived soils (sandy soil and feralit soil); Tran Thi Dao, Nguyen Xuan Trach and T R Preston, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

AB: Using of water fleas (Moina sp.) biomass and aquatic plant (Jussiaea repens l.) to treat waste-water from tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) ponds ; Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc, Vo Thị Thanh Binh, Nguyen Phu Hoa and Duong Nguyen Khang, Agriculture and Forestry University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The effect of chicken, cow and pig manure on Phyllanthus amarus yield and its natural compounds;  Nguyen Hieu Phuong and Nguyen Quang Thieu, NLU, Vietnam

A study on aerobic composting method to manage animal manure on Small-scale farms; Hoang Minh Duc, Pham Hong Ngan and Hoang Minh Son, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam

Raising earthworm (Perionyx excavatus) on solid waste from striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) ponds and using the earthworm compost for vegetable cultivation; Cao Van Thich and T R Preston, An Giang University, Vietnam

Poster session

AB: Effect of water hyacinth silage on digestibility in local Yellow cattle fed rice straw basal diet; Cheat Sophal and T R Preston, RUA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Effect of different fibre sources on microflora and bacterial diversity in digestive tract of local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace and Yorkshire) pigs; Tran Thi Thu Hong, Tran Thi Bich Ngoc, Tran Nguyen Thaoand  Jan Erik Lindberg, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

AB: Effect of supplements of potassium nitrate or urea as sources of NPN on methane production in an in vitro system using molasses and Gliricidia or Mimosa (Mimosa pigra)foliages as the substrate; Xaykham Onphachanh, Aloun Ounalom, Phonevilay Silivong and T R Preston, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University, Lao PDR

Effect of protein enrichment of cassava residue and rice bran by microbial fermentation on performance and meat quality of growing pig; Tran Thi Thu Hong, Dao Thi Phuongc and Jan Erik Lindberg

The growth and economics of integrated culture of Tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus) and Common carp (Ciprinus carpio) in an indoor intensive system with earthworms as feed and in natural ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent and supplemented with duckweed; Yen Nhi N H and Preston T R, Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, Vietnam

Protein solubility of fish meal and peanut meal  and methane production in an in vitro incubation; T R Preston, Ho Quang Do, Tran Duy Khoa, Trinh Phuc Hao and R A Leng,  Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam

AB: Effect of crossing Moo Laat females with Mong Cai boars on reproductive and lactation performance; Taysayavong Lotchana, Viraphet Phetsamay, Vivasane Souksakone and T R Preston, Champasack University, Champasack province, Lao PDR

Effect of different fibre sources on microflora and bacterial diversity in digestive tract of local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace and Yorkshire) pigs; Tran Thi Thu Hong, Tran Thi Bich Ngoc, Tran Nguyen Thao and  Jan Erik Lindberg, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

Effect of different size of sugar cane waste in the basal diet and supplementation with Operculina turpethum on feed utilization, nutrient digestibility and growth rate of crossbred rabbits; Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Van Thu, Cantho University,  Vietnam

Use of coconut meal as replacement for protein in diets of growing ducklings raised in a biosecure duck-fish system on smallholdings in the Mekong Delta; Bui Xuan Men; Cantho University,  Vietnam

Effect of crude rice bran oil supplementation on performance, egg production and quality, serum lipids, yolk cholesterol of laying hens; Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung, Le Thanh Phong, Bui Thi Le Minh, Truong Van Phuoc,  CanTho University, CanTho, Vietnam

Evaluation of a mixture of ensiled banana (Musa- balbisiana) pseudo-stems, taro (Colocasia esculenta) foliage, and cassava  (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves as  protein and energy sources  in diets for Mong cai sows  in small holder farms under village conditions in central Vietnam; Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly, Tran Thanh Hai,  and T R Preston, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

Effects of inclusion of Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product meal and probiotics in diets for improved chicken on performance, carcass quality and ileal and total amino acid digestibility; Nguyen Thi Thuy, College of Agriculture, CanTho University, CanTho, Vietnam

AB: Using ensiled mixed foliage (Taro leaves-stems + banana pseudo-stems and Sweet potato vines) as replacement of rice bran for Mong Cai sows kept in small holder farms in Thua Thien Hue province of Central Vietnam; Hoang Nghia Duyet, HUAF, Vietnam

Effect of ensiled product made from banana stem and taro foliage on the growth performance of common ducks; Dao Thi My Tien, Ngo Thuy Bao Tran, Bui Phan Thu Hang and T R Preston; Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, Vietnam

AB: Effect on the performance of common ducks by supplementing duckweed in the diet of ensiled banana pseudo stem – taro (Colocacia esculenta) foliage; Dao Thi My Tien, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, Vietnam

AB: Use of the ensiled mix taro leafs, petioles with sweet potato vines and distiller wastes as supplements to rice bran on the reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows kept in Hue rural areas ; Hoang Nghia Duyet, HUAF, Vietnam

AB: Nutritional value of fresh rice straw treated with quicklime [CaO] or slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] and urea for feeding to local  cattle in An Giang province; Le Thi Thuy Hang,  Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, Long Xuyen City, An Giang province

Apparent digestibility of diets containing rice distillers’ by-product, Taro (Colocacia esculenta) silage and rice bran in growing pigs; Nouphone Manivanh, T R Preston and Le Duc Ngoan,  Souphanouvong University, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR

AB: Dietary amino acid requirements of fingerling hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus) as estimated by the ideal protein approach; Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram, Le Duc Ngoan, Jan Erik Lindberg, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

AB: Effects of  levels of nitrogen from biodigester effluent on biomass production of Tithonia diversifolia (Wild Sunflower); Nguyen Thi Thu Hong,  An Giang University, Vietnam

Evaluation of the apparent digestibility and Nitrogen retention in growing pigs given diets with supplements of catfish by-products and coconut oil; Tran Trung Tuan and T R Preston, Ang Giang University, Vietnam

Effects on the performance of growing goats by supplementing ensiled water hyacinth leaves with Melia azedarach foliage; Bui Phan Thu Hang, Vo Lam and T R Preston; Angiang University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vietnam

Effects of defaunation and bypass protein supplement on utilisation of poor quality feed by cattle; Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Nguyen Van Hon and  Nguyen Thiet, Can tho University, Vietnam.

Lunch

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Proceedings
National Workshop-Seminar
Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources

Hue, Vietnam
March 25 to 27, 2003

Organized and Sponsored by

Objectives:

• Review the achievements of the bilateral programme (1988 – 2003)  of research and technology transfer activities in Vietnam funded by SAREC
• Presentation of the results of experiments aimed at improving the  sustainability of livestock-based farming systems in Vietnam.
• Evaluation of technology transfer activities on farms of elements of sustainable livestock-based farming systems
• To provide an opportunity for young Vietnamese researchers to present their findings at a national seminar and to exchange experiences with invited national and international scientists.
• To improve understanding and cooperation among farmers, scientists and decision-makers and to increase the impact of sustainable livestock-based farming systems in Vietnam

Editors:
T R Preston (regpreston@utafoundation.org
R B Ogle (brian.ogle@huv.slu.se)Livestock production

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Proceedings

National Workshop-Seminar

Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

January  18-20^th 2000

Organized and Sponsored by

Objectives:

• Review of progress of the eighth, ninth and tenth years of activities in the research and technology transfer projects in Vietnam funded by SAREC
• Presentation of the results of experiments aimed at improving the  sustainability of livestock-based farming systems in Vietnam.
• Evaluation of technology transfer activities on farms of elements of sustainable livestock-based farming systems
• To provide an opportunity for young Vietnamese researchers to present their findings at a national seminar and to exchange experiences with invited national and international scientists.
• To improve understanding and cooperation among farmers, scientists and decision-makers and to increase the impact of sustainable livestock-based farming systems in Vietnam

Editors:
T R Preston (trpreston@email.com)
R B Ogle (brian.ogle@huv.slu.se)

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Åkerstedt M, Wredle E, Vo Lam and Johansson M 2012. Protein degradation in bovine milk caused by Streptococcus agalactiae.  Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 79 / Issue 03 / August 2012, pp 297 303 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029912000301,

Binh Phuong L T, Preston T R and Leng R A 2011: Mitigating methane production from ruminants; effect of supplementary sulphate and nitrate on methane production in an in vitro incubation using sugar cane stalk and cassava leaf meal as substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #22. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/2/phuo23022.htm

Boonchan  Chantaprasarn and Preston T R  2004: Measuring fertility of soils by the bio-test method. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #78. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/chan16078.htm

Bounhong Norachack, Soukanh Keonouchanh, Chhay Ty,Bounthong Bouahom and Preston T R 2004:  Stylosanthes and cassava leaves as protein supplements to a basal diet of broken rice for local pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. # 74. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/boun16074.htm

Bounthavone Kounnavongsa, Vanthong Phengvichith and T R Preston T R 2010 Effects of fresh or sun-dried cassava foliage on growth performance of goats fed basal diets of Gamba grass or sugar cane stalk . Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #202 . Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/11/boun22202.htm

Chanphone Keoboualapheth and Choke Mikled 2003: Growth Performance of Indigenous Pigs Fed with Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 as Replacement for Rice bran;  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 9 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/9/chan159.htm

Cheat Sophal, Khieu Borin and Preston T R 2010 Effects of supplements of water hyacinth and cassava hay on the performance of local “Yellow” cattle fed a basal diet of rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #166 . Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/9/soph22166.htm

Chhay T, Borin K and Preston T R 2010: Effect of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaf + stem silage and mulberry leaf silage on digestibility and N retention of growing pigs fed a basal diet of rice bran. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #109. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/chha22109.htm

Chhay T, Borin K, Sopharith N, Preston T R and Aye T M 2010: Effect of sun-dried and fresh cassava leaves on growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fed basal diets of rice bran or rice bran mixed with cassava root meal. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #43. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/chha22043.htm

Chhay T, Phalla M, Borin K and Preston T R 2013: Synergism between biochar and biodigester effluent as soil amenders for biomass production and nutritive value of Mustard green (Brassica juncea). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #57.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/chha25057.htm

Chhay T, Pok S, Borin K and Preston T R 2013: Amaranth (Amanathus spp.) as replacement for water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) with or without paddy rice on growth performance of rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #12. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/chha25012.htm

Chhay T, Vor S, Borin K and Preston T R 2013: Effect of different levels of biochar on the yield and nutritive value of Celery cabbage (Brassica chinensis var), Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), Mustard green (Brassica juncea) and Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #8. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/chha25008.htm

Chhay Ty and Preston T R 2005: Effect of water spinach and fresh cassava leaves on intake, digestibility and N retention in growing pigs;   Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #23 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/2/chha17023.htm

Chhay Ty and Preston T R 2005: Effect of water spinach and fresh cassava leaves on growth performance of pigs fed a basal diet of broken rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article #76. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/7/chha17076.htm

Chhay Ty and Preston T R 2006  Effect of different ratios of water spinach and fresh cassava leaves on growth of pigs fed basal diets of broken rice or mixture of rice bran and cassava root meal;  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 57. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/4/chha18057.htm

Chhay Ty,  Preston T R and Ly J  2003:  The use of ensiled cassava leaves in diets for growing pigs. 2. The influence of type of palm oil and cassava leaf maturity on digestibility and N balance for growing pigs.  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 8 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/8/chha158.htm

Chhay Ty, Borin K and Preston T R 2011: Effect of processing cassava leaves and supplementing them with DL-methionine, on intake, growth and feed conversion in crossbred growing pigs . Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #91. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/4/chha23091.htm

Chhay Ty, Borin Khieu and Preston T R 2009: Effect of wilting cassava leaves and supplementing them with DL-methionine, on intake, growth and feed conversion in growing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #8. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/1/chha21008.htm

Chhay Ty, Preston T R  and  Ly J 2003: The use of ensiled cassava leaves in diets for growing pigs. 1.The effect of graded levels of palm oil on N digestibility and N balance;  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 7 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/7/chha157.htm

Chhayty,  Preston T R,   Ly J and Keo Sath 2003 The use of ensiled cassava leaves in diets for growing pigs. 3. The effect of graded levels of palm oil on performance traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 9 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/9/chha159.htm

Chin N H and Hue K T 2012: Supplementing Tithonia diversifolia with Guinea grass or tree foliages: effects on feed intake and live weight gain of growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #188. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/10/chin24188.htm

Chittavong M, Jansson A and Lindberg J E 2012. Effects of high dietary sodium chloride content on performance and sodium and potassium balance in growing pigs. Tropical Animal Health and Production (Revision).

Chittavong Malavanh and Preston T R  2006 Intake and digestibility by pigs fed different level of sweet potato leaves and water spinach as supplement to mixture of rice bran and cassava root meal;  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 86. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/6/mala18086.htm

Chittavong Malavanh, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Effect of replacing soybean meal by a mixture of taro leaf silage and water spinach on reproduction and piglet performance in Mong Cai gilts. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/mala2.htm

Chittavong Malavanh, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Effect of replacing soybean meal with a mixture of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.)Schott) leaf silage and water spinach on apparent digestibility in Mong Cai gilts at two stages of gestation. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/mala3.htm

Chittavong Malavanh, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Ensiling leaves of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Shott) with sugar cane molasses. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/mala1.htm

Chittavong, M., Lindberg, J. E. and Jansson, A., 2012. Feeding regime and management of local pigs in central Lao PDR. Tropical Animal Health and Production 39, 115-127.

Chittavong, M., Lindberg, J. E. and Jansson, A., 2013. A field study on feed supplementation, body weight and selected blood parameters in local pigs in Laos. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, 505-510.

Chiv Phiny and Lampheuy Kaensombath 2006: Effect on feed intake and growth of depriving rabbits access to soft faeces.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 34. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/3/phin18034.htm

Chiv Phiny, Borin K, Preston T R and Ty C 2009: Effect of level of effluent from biodigesters loaded with pig manure on the growth of mulberry (Morus alba) trees. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #114. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/7/phin21114.htm

Chiv Phiny, Ogle B, Preston T R and Borin K 2008: Digestibility and N-retention in crossbred pigs of diets with water spinach or water spinach mixed with mulberry leaves as protein sources in basal diets of cassava root meal plus rice bran, or sugar palm syrup plus broken rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/phin1.htm

Chiv Phiny, Ogle B, Preston T R and Borin K 2008: Growth performance of pigs fed water spinach or water spinach mixed with mulberry leaves, as protein sources in basal diets of cassava root meal plus rice bran or sugar palm syrup plus broken rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/phin2.htm

Chiv Phiny, Preston T R and Ly J 2003 Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves as protein source for young pigs fed rice based diets: Digestibility studies.; Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 1. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/1/phin151.htm

Da, C. T., Lundh, T. and Lindberg, J. E., 2012. Digestibility of dietary components and amino acids in plant protein feed ingredients in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition (Accepted).

Da, C.T., Lundh, T. and Lindberg, J.E. 2012. Evaluation of local feed resources as alternatives to fish meal in terms of growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. Aquaculture 364–365, 150–156.

Dao T T, Canh N T, Trach N X and Preston T R 2013: Effect of different sources of biochar on growth of maize in sandy and feralite soils. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #59. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/dao25059.htm

Daovy Kongmanila, Bertilsson J,  Ledin I and Ewa Wredle E  2012 Effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Erythrina variegata on the performance of growing goats. Trop Anim Health Prod (2012) 44:1659–1665. DOI 10.1007/s11250-012-0121-5

Do Thi Thanh Van, Nguyen Thi Mui, Inger Ledin. 2004. Effect of method of presentation of different foliages given separately or in mixtures on intake and behaviour of goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology (In Press).

Do Thi Thanh Van,  Ledin  I and Nguyen Thi Mui 2002  Feed intake and behavior of small ruminants fed whole sugar cane as a sole roughage with or without concentrate. Animal Feed Science and Technology 100:1-2,79-91.

Do Viet Minh, Jan Erik Lindberg and Brian Ogle 2004  Effect of Scavenging and Protein Supplement on the Feed Intake and Performance of Improved Pullets and Laying hens in Northern Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 17 (11), 1553-1561.

Do Viet Minh, Le Viet Ly and B. Ogle. 2004. Effects of energy and protein supplementation on the production and economic efficiency of scavenging improved (TamHoang) and local (Ri) breed hens under smallholder conditions in North Vietnam. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36 (2004), 703-714.

Dong N T K and Ogle R B 2003 Effect of brewery waste replacement of concentrate on the performance of local and crossbred growing Muscovy ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 16 (10): 1510-1517.

Dong N T K and Ogle R B 2004. An evaluation of brewery waste as a replacement for concentrates in diets for growing crossbred common ducks. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 36 (7): 715-729.

Dong N T K,  Elwinger K, Lindberg J E  and Ogle R B 2005. Effects of replacing soybean meal with soya waste and fish meal with ensiled shrimp waste on the performance of growing crossbred ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18 (6) 825-834

Du Thanh Hang , Linh Nguyen Quang, Preston T R , Everts H and Beynen A C 2009: Effect of supplementary DL-methionine in pig diets with cassava leaves as a major protein source. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #15. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/1/hang21015.htm

Du Thanh Hang and Preston T R 2005 The effects of simple processing methods of cassava leaves on HCN content and intake by growing pigs.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 109. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/09/hang17099.htm

Du Thanh Hang, Linh Nguyen Quang, Everts H and Beynen A C 2009: Ileal and total tract digestibility in growing pigs fed cassava root meal and rice bran with inclusion of cassava leaves, sweed potato vine, duckweed and stylosanthes foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #12. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/1/hang21012.htm

Du Thanh Hang,  Vanhanen L and Savage G  2013 Effect of simple processing methods on oxalate content of taro petioles and leaves grown in central Viet Nam. LWT – Food Science and Technology 50 (2013) 259e263

Dung N T, Binh D V, Mui N T and Preston T R 2010: Effect of cassava hay supplementation on milk production in lactating goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #45. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/dung22045.htm

Duong Nguyen Khang and Wiktorsson H 2004 Effects of fresh cassava tops on rumen environment parameters, thyroid gland hormones and liver enzymes of local yellow cattle fed urea-treated fresh rice straw. Tropical Animal Health and Production, Volume 36, No. 8, pp. 751-762

Duong Nguyen Khang and Wiktorsson  H 2000  Effects of cassava leaf meal on the rumen environment of local yellow cattle fed urea-treated paddy straw. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 1102-1108

Duong Nguyen Khang and Wiktorsson  H 2004  Effects of ensiled cassava tops on rumen environment parameters, thyropid gland hormones and liver enzymes of cows fed urea-treated fresh rice straw. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 17: 936-941

Duyet H N 2010: Giant taro leaves (Alocasia macrorrhiza) for replacement of soybean meal in diets for Mong Cai sows in Central Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #149. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/duye22149.htm

Duyet H N and Preston T R 2013: Ensiled mixed foliage of taro leaves + petioles and banana pseudo-stems as replacement of rice bran for Mong Cai sows in small-holder farms in Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #54. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/duye25054.htm

Duyet H N, Thuan T T and Son N D 2010: Effects on sow reproduction and piglet performance of replacing soybean meal by a mixture of sweet potato leaves, water spinach and fresh cassava foliage in the diets of Mong Cai and Yorkshire sows. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #59. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/duye22059.htm

Giang N T and Preston T R 2011: Taro (Colocacia esculenta) silage and water spinach as supplements to rice bran for growing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #45. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/3/gian23045.htm

Ha M T, Sac N H, Que L B, Hai P T, Tuan H M, Tiem P V, Hoa N T T, Kiem P V and Thong L V 2012: Relationship between scrotal circumference with some indicators of semen parameters in Holstein Friesian and Brahman breeding bulls. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #112. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/ha24112.htm

Ha M T, Sac N H, Que L B, Hai P T, Tuan H M, Tiem P V, Hoa N T T, Kiem P V and Thong L V 2012: Relationship between scrotal circumference with some indicators of semen parameters in Holstein Friesian and Brahman breeding bulls. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #112. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/ha24112.htm

Hai T T, Ly N T H and Preston T R 2013: Effect of replacing fish meal by a mixture of ensiled taro (Colocasia esculenta) foliage and ensiled sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas L.) on reproduction and piglet performance in VanPa sows in central Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #39. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/3/hoal25039.htm

Hang B P T, Lam V and Preston T R 2012: Effect on growth of goats and enteric methane emissions of supplementing foliage of Melia azedarach with foliage of Mimosa pigra. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #227. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/12/hang24227.htm

Hang B P T, Lam V and Preston T R 2012: Effects on the performance of growing goats by supplementing ensiled water hyacinth leaves with Melia azedarach foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #226. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/12/hang24226.htm

Hang B P T, Lam V and Preston T R 2013: Effect of paddy rice on growth performance of rabbits fed water spinach as the sole forage or combined with leaves of water hyacinth. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #45. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/3/hang25045.htm

Hang D T and Binh L V 2013: Oxalate concentration in taro leaves and petioles and effect of added calcium on nitrogen and calcium retention in pigs given diets containing 50% ensiled taro leaves and petioles. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #65.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/hang25065.htm

Hang D T and Kien N T 2012: Taro (Alocasia odora (C) Koch, Xanthosoma nigra (vell) Stellfeld and Colocasia esculenta (L) schott) in Central Vietnam: biomass yield, digestibility and nutritive value. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #222. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/12/hang24222.htm

Hang D T and Preston T R 2010: Effect of processing Taro leaves on oxalate concentrations and using the ensiled leaves as a protein source in pig diets in central Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #68. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/4/hang22068.htm

Hang D T, Binh L V, Preston T R and Savage G P 2011: Oxalate content of different taro cultivars grown in central Viet Nam and the effect of simple processing methods on the oxalate concentration of the processed forages. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #122.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/6/hang23122.htm

Hang V T T, Tu N K and Tuy C D 2012: The effect of Eupatorium odoratum foliage compared with cassava foliage on growth and intestinal nematode infestation in goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #136. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/hang24136.htm

Hang V T T, Tu N K and Tuy C D 2012: The effect of Eupatorium odoratum foliage compared with cassava foliage on growth and intestinal nematode infestation in goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #136. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/hang24136.htm

Hang V T T, Tu N K and Tuy C D 2012: The effect of Eupatorium odoratum foliage compared with cassava foliage on growth and intestinal nematode infestation in goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #136. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/hang24136.htm

Hang V T T, Tuy C D, Anh N N and Preston T R 2012: Leaf extract from Tithonia diversifolia cures Scabies in rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #221. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/12/hang24221.htm

Ho Bunyeth and Preston T R 2004: Biodigester effluent as fertilizer for water spinach established from seed or from cuttings;  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #79. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/buny16079.htm

Ho Bunyeth and Preston T R 2006 Growth performance and parasite infestation of goats given cassava leaf silage, or sun-dried cassava leaves, as supplement to grazing in lowland and upland regions of Cambodia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 28. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/02/buny18028.htm

Ho Thanh Tham, Man N V and Preston T R 2008: Estimates of protein fractions of various heat-treated feeds in ruminant production. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/tham2.htm

Ho Thanh Tham, Man N V and Preston T R 2008: Performance of young cattle fed rice straw sprayed with mixture of urea and molasses supplemented with different levels of cassava leaf meal. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/tham1.htm

Hoang Huong Giang, Le Viet Ly and Ogle B 2004:  Evaluation of ensiling methods to preserve sweet potato roots and vines as pig feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #45. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/7/gian16045htm

Hoang Huong Giang, Le Viet Ly and  Ogle B 2004: Digestibility of dried and ensiled sweet potato roots and vines and their effect on the performance and economic efficiency of F1 crossbred fattening pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #50. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/7/gian16050.htm

Hoang Huong Giang, Tran Quoc Viet, Brian Ogleand Jan Erik Lindberg, 2012. Growth performance, digestibility, gut environment and health status in weaned piglets fed a diet supplemented with a potentially probiotic complex of lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces boulardii. Livestock Science 143, 132-141.

Hong N T T and Preston T R 2013: Effect of biodigester effluent on the biomass production of Tithonia diversifolia and the use of the foliage as the basal diet for goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #6. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/hong25006.htm

Hongthong Phimmmasan,  Siton Kongvongxay, Chhay Ty and Preston T R 2004: Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and Stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184) as basal diets for growing rabbits.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #34. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/5/hong16034.htm

Hue K T,  Van Do Thi Thanh, Spörndly E, Ledin I and Wredle E 2012.  Effect of adaptation strategies when feeding fresh cassava foliage on intake and physiological responses of lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod (2012) 44:267–276. DOI 10.1007/s11250-011-0013-0

Hue K T, Van D T T, Ledin I., Wredle E. and Spörndly E 2012. Effect of harvesting frequency, variety and leaf maturity on nutrient composition, hydrogen cyanide content and cassava foliage yield. Asian-Aust. J. Anim.Sci. 25 (12), 1691-1700

Huyen N T D, Trach N X and Preston T R 2013: Effects of supplementation of paddy rice and/or rice grain and/or rice husk to sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines as basal diet on growth performance and diet digestibility in rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #19. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/huye25019.htm

Inthapanya S, Preston T R and Leng R A 2012: Biochar increases biogas production in a batch digester charged with cattle manure. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #212. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/12/sang24212.htm

Kaensombath L and Lindberg J E 2013: Effect of additives on ensiling of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) leaves and Stylo CIAT 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis) forage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #69.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/lamp25069.htm

Kaensombath Lampheuy, San Thy and Preston T R  2004: Manure or biodigester effluent as fertilizer for duckweed.  Livestock Research for Rural Development,  Vol. 16, Art. #17,  Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/3/lamp1603.htm

Kaensonbath, L. and Lindberg, J. E., 2012. Effect of replacing soybean protein by taro leaf (Colocasia esculenta, L. Schott) protein on growth performance of exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) and native (Moo Lath) Lao pigs. Tropical Animal Health and Production (doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0172-7).

Kaensonbath, L., Neil, M. and Lindberg, J. E., 2012. Effect of replacing soybean protein by Sylo CIAT 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis) protein on growth performance, carcass traits and organ weights of exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) and native (Mou Lath) Lao pigs. Tropical Animal Health and Production (doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0299-6).

Kanpukdee Suchitra and Wanapat M 2008: Effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel and sunflower and coconut oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/such2.htm

Kanpukdee Suchitra and Wanapat M 2008: Study on ruminal degradability of local plants by using nylon bag technique. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/such1.htm

Keo Sath, Borin K and Preston T R 2008: Effect of levels of sun-dried cassava foliage on growth performance of cattle fed rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/sath2.htm

Keo Sath, Borin K and Preston T R 2008: Survey on feed utilization for cattle production in Takeo province. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/sath1.htm

Khieu Borin and Frankow-Lindberg B E 2004. Effects of legumes-cassava intercropping for foliage and biomass production. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (In Press)

Khieu Borin, Lindberg, J.E. and Ogle, R.B. 2005. Effect of variety and preservation method of cassava leaves on diet digestibility by indigenous and improved pigs. Animal Science 2005, 80: 319-324.

Khuc Thi Hue,  Do Thi Thanh Van,  Inger Ledin, Eva Spörndly and Ewa Wredle  2010  Effect of feeding fresh, wilted and sun-dried foliage from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on the performance of lambs and their intake of hydrogen cyanide. Livestock Science 131 (2010) 155–161

Khuc Thi Hue, Do Thi Thanh Van and  Inger Ledin 2008 Effect of supplementing urea treated rice straw and molasses with different forage species on the performance of lambs. Small Ruminant Research 78 (2008) 134–143

Khuc Thi Hue, Do Thi Thanh Van, Ledin I 2008 Effect of supplementing urea treated rice straw and molasses with different forage species on the performance of lambs. Small Ruminant Research 78 (2008) 134–143

KhucThi Hue and Preston T R 2006: Effect of different sources of supplementary fibre on growth of rabbits fed a basal diet of fresh water spinach.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 36. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/03/hue18036.htm

Kiyothong K and Wanapat  M 2004  Supplementation of Cassava Hay and Stylo 184 Hay to Replace Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 17: 670-677

Kiyothong K and Wanapat M 2003:  Cassava hay and Stylo 184 hay to replace concentrates in diets for lactating dairy cows;  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 11 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/11/krai1511.htm

Kiyothong   K and Wanapat M 2004. Growth, Hay Yield and Chemical Composition of Cassava and Stylo 184 Grown under Intercropping. Asian-Australasian journal of Animal Science. 17: 799 -807

Kongmanila D, Bertilsson J, Ledin I and Wredle E 2012: Utilisation of some Erythrina species and biomass production of Erythrina variegata. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #137. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/daov24137.htm

Kongmanila Daovy and LedinI 2009 Chemical composition of some tropical foliage species and their intake and digestibility by goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 22 (6) 803-811

Kongmanila Daovy, Preston T R and Ledin I 2008: Selective behaviour of goats offered different tropical foliages. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/daov2.htm

Kongmanila Daovy, Preston T R and Ledin I 2008: Survey on the utilization of local foliage species for goats in Xaythanee district, Vientiane City. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/daov1.htm

Lan T T, Nhi N H Y and Khoa L T M 2012: Utilization of biodigester effluent for production of Chlorella. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #151. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/lan24151.htm

Luyen P T, Khang D N and Preston T R 2012: Effects of biochar from gasifier stove and effluent from biodigester on growth of maize in acid and fertile soils. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #75. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/5/luye24075.htm

Le Ding Phung 2009: Genotype by environment interaction: a case study of productive and reproductive performance of Yellow local and F1 (Red Sindhi x Yellow local) cattle in two production zones in Quang Ngai Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #17. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/2/phun21017.htm

Le Van An and Lindberg J E 2004  Ensiling of Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and the Nutritive Value of Sweet Potato Leaf Silage for Growing Pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, Vol 17, No. 4: 497-503

Le Van An, Hong T T  and Lindberg, J. E. 2004. Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility in growing pigs fed cassava root meal diets with inclusion of fresh, dry and ensiled sweet potato leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114, 127-139.

Le Van An, Hong, T.T.T., Ogle, B. and Lindberg, J.E. 2005. Utilisation of ensiled sweet potato leaves as a protein supplement in diets for growing pigs. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Volume 37, Number 1

Le Van An, Lindberg B E F and Lindberg J E  2003  Effect of harvesting interval and defoliation on yield and chemical composition of leaves, stems and tubers of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) plant parts. Field Crops Research. 82: 49-58.

Leng R A, Inthapanya S and Preston T R 2012: Biochar lowers net methane production from rumen fluid in vitro. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #103. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/sang24103.htm

Leng R A, Inthapanya S and Preston T R 2012: Methane production is reduced in an in vitro incubation when the rumen fluid is taken from cattle that previously received biochar in their diet. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #211. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/11/sang24211.htm

Leng R A, Preston T R and Inthapanya S 2012: Biochar reduces enteric methane and improves growth and feed conversion in local “Yellow” cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #199. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/11/leng24199.htm

Luu Huu Manh, Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung and Tran Phung Ngoi 2005: Introduction and evaluation of Moringa oleifera for biomass production and as feed for goats in the Mekong Delta. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 104. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/09/manh17104.htm

Luyen L T and Preston T R 2012: Growth performance of New Zealand White rabbits fed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines supplemented with paddy rice or Guinea grass supplemented with commercial concentrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #127.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/luye24127.htm

Luyen P T, Khang D N and Preston T R 2012: Effects of biochar from gasifier stove and effluent from biodigester on growth of maize in acid and fertile soils. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #75. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/5/luye24075.htm

Ly Thi Luyen and Preston T R  2004: Effect of level of urea fertilizer on biomass production of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) grown in soil and in water.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #81. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/luye16081.htm

Mai Van Sanh 2009: Effects of supplementation with cassava leaf meal before and after calving on birth weight, growth rate of calves and body weight change of buffalo cows in smallholder farms. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #98. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/7/sanh21098.htm

Manh L H, Dung N N X, Minh B T L and Duong M T 2012: Treating pig wastewater by applying a model of fish pond or biodigester tank followed by a fish pond in Phuoc Tho state farm. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #29. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/manh24029.htm

Manh L H, Dung N N X, Minh B T L and Duong M T 2012: Treating pig wastewater by applying a model of fish pond or biodigester tank followed by a fish pond in Phuoc Tho state farm. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #29. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/manh24029.htm

Manh L H, Xuan Dung N N, Kinh L V, Binh T C, Thu Hang B P and Phuoc T V 2009: Composition and nutritive value of rice distillers’ by-product (hem) for small-holder pig production. Livestock Researchfor Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #224. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/12/manh21224.htm

Manivanh N, Ngoan L D and Preston T R 2012: Apparent digestibility and N retention in growing pigs fed rice bran supplemented with different proportions of ensiled Taro foliage (Colocacia esculenta) and rice distillers’ by-product. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #67. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/noup24067.htm

Men L T, Ogle B, Son V V and Preston T R 2010: Evaluation of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) as a protein source for Ba Xuyen and Large White sows. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #70. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/4/leme22070.htm

Mesfin, R. and Ledin, I. 2004, Assessment of the treatment and use of urea treated straw for cattle feeding in Selale, Central Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Animal Science 4:1, 23-32. (financed by SAREC International MSc Programme)

Minh, D.V. & Ogle, B. 2005. Effects of Scavenging and Supplementation of Lysine and Methionine on the Feed Intake, Performance and Carcase Quality of Improved Dual-Purpose Growing Chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 37 (2005) 1- 15.

Minh, D.V., Lindberg, J.E. & Ogle, B. 2004. Effects of Scavenging and Protein Supplement on the Feed Intake and Performance of Improved Pullets and Laying Hens in Northern Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 17 (11), 1553-1561.

Minh, D.V., Ly, L. V. & Ogle, B. 2004. Effects of Energy and Protein Supplementation on the Production and Economic Efficiency of Scavenging Improved (Tamhoang) and Local (Ri) Breed Hens under Smallholder Conditions in Northern Vietnam. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 36 (7) 703- 714.

Nakkitset S, Mikled C and Ledin I 2008: Evaluation of head lettuce residue and Mimosa pigra as foliages for rabbits compared to Ruzi grass: Effect on growth performance and production costs on-farm. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/nakk1.htm

Ngamsaeng A,  Wanapat M and Khampa S 2006 Effects of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana) Supplementation on Rumen Ecology, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Digestibility and Voluntary Feed Intake in Cattle. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (5): 445-452.

Ngamsaeng Amornsak, San Thy and Preston T R 2004: Duckweed (Lemna minor) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) as protein supplements for ducks fed broken rice as the basal diet.  Livestock Research for Rural Development,  Vol. 16, Art. #16,  Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/3/amor1603.htm

Ngamsaeng, A, Wanapat  M and Khampa S  2006. Evaluation of Local Tropical Plants by In vitro Rumen Fermentation and Their Effects on Fermentation End-Products. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (5): 414-418.

Ngo Tien Dung, Ledin Inger and Nguyen Thi Mui 2005: Intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla); effect on biomass yield and soil fertility.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #6 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/1/dzun17006.htm

Ngo Tien Dung, Nguyen Thi Muiand Inger Ledin. 2004. Effect of replacing a commercial concentrate with cassava hay (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on the performance of growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology (In Press).

Ngo Tien Dzung and Preston T R 2007: Effect of increasing area of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) relative to Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) on biomass yield, soil fertility and soil erosion. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article #22. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/2/dzun19022.htm

Ngoc Huyen L T, Do H Q, Preston T R and Leng R A 2010: Nitrate as fermentable nitrogen supplement to reduce rumen methane production. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #146. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/huye22146.htm

Ngoc, T. T. B., Len, N. T. and Lindberg, J. E., 2012. Effect of fibre level and fibre source on gut morphology and micro-environment in local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 25 (12), 1726-1733.

Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram and Preston T R 2004: Effect of method of processing cassava leaves on intake, digestibility and N retention by Ba Xuyen piglets.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. # 80. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/tram16080.htm

Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung, Luu Huu Manh and Brian Ogle 2005: Effects of fermented liquid feeds on the performance, digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) of growing-finishing pigs.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 102. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/9/xdun17102.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Hon N V and Preston T R 2009: Ensiling with or without additives to preserve pineapple residue and reduce pollution of the environment. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #96. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/7/nhan21096.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Man N V and Preston T R 2009: Biomass yield of Hymenachne acutigluna and Paspalum atratum in association with Sesbania sesban on seasonally waterlogged soils and their use as feeds for cattle in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #121. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/8/nhan21121.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Nguyen Thiet, Preston T R and Leng R A 2007: Determination of the optimum level of a soybean oil drench with respect to the rumen ecosystem, feed intake and digestibility in cattle. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article #117. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/8/nhan19117.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Vo Van Son, Preston T R and Leng R A 2007: Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article #133. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/9/nhan19133.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Van Hon, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Nguyen Thi Thu Hong, Preston T R and Leng R A 2003: Effect of drenching with cooking oil on performance of local “Yellow” cattle fed rice straw and cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15 (7). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/7/nhan157.htm

Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Trong Ngu N, Preston T R and Leng R A 2008: Effects of drenching soybean oil and fish oil on intake, digestibility and performance of cattle fattening in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #113. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/7/nhan20113.htm

Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Ogle  B 2003  Effect of brewery waste replacement of concentrate on the performance of local and crossbred Muscovy ducks. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences Vol 16, No 10: 1510-1517

Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and R. Brian Ogle. 2004. An evaluation of brewery waste as a replacement for concentrates in diets for growing crossbred common ducks. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36 (2004), 715-729.

Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, Nguyen Van Thu, Ogle B and Preston T R 2008: Effect of supplementation level of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves in diets based on para grass (Brachiaria mutica) on intake, nutrient utilization, growth rate and economic returns of crossbred rabbits in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #144. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/9/kdon20144.htm

Nguyen Thi Kim Khang and Ogle B 2004^:  Effects of replacing roasted soya beans by broken rice and duckweed on performance of  growing Tau Vang chickens confined on-station and scavenging on-farm.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #56. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/8/khan16056.htm

Nguyen Thi Kim Khang and Ogle B 2004 Effects of dietary protein level and a duckweed supplement on the growth rate of local breed chicks.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #54 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/8/khan16054.htm

Nguyen Thi Kim Khang and Ogle B 2004 Effects of duckweed on the performance of local (Tau Vang) laying hens.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #57 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/8/khan16057.htm

Nguyen, T. H. L., L. D. Ngoan, M. W. A.Verstegen and W. H. Hendriks. 2010. Ensiled and dry cassava leaves, and sweet potato vines as a protein source in diets for growing Vietnamese Large White x Mong Cai pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23: 1205-1212.

Nguyen, T. H. L., L. D. Ngoan, G. Bosch, M. W. A. Verstegen and W. H. Hendriks. 2012. Ileal and total tract apparent protein and amino acid digestibility of ensilage and dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vines in growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172: 171-179.

Nguyen, T. H. L., L. D. Ngoan, M. W. A. Verstegen and W. H. Hendriks. 2011. Inclusion of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves in diets for growing pigs in Vietnam reduces growth rate but increases profitability. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 1157-1163.

Nguyen, T. H. L., L. D. Ngoan, M. W. A. Verstegen and W. H. Hendriks. 2012. Pig performance increases with the addition of DL-methionine and L-lysine to ensiled cassava leaf protein diets. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44: 165-172.

Nguyen Thi Thuy and Ogle B 2004: The effect of supplementing different green feeds (water spinach, sweet potato leaves and duckweed) to broken rice based diets on performance, meat and egg yolk colour of  Luong Phuong chickens. Retrieved, from MEKARN Research Reports. http://www.mekarn.org/Research/thuyctu.htm

Nguyen Thi Thuy and Ogle B 2007: Effect of supplementation on the growth and laying performance of confined and scavenging local chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article #30.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/2/thuy19030.htm

Nguyen Trong Ngu and Inger Ledin. 2005. Effects of Feeding Wastes from  Brassica species on Growth of Goats and Pesticide/Insecticide Residues in Goat  Meat. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences.   Volume 18 No. 2 : 197

Nguyen Van Hiep and Preston T R 2006 Effect of cattle manure and biodigester effluent levels on growth and composition of water spinach.   Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18. Article # 50. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/4/hiep18050.htm

Nguyen Van Hiep, Wiktorsson H and Man N V 2008: The effect of cutting interval on foliage yield and chemical composition of Tropical Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) cultivated as cover-crop in rubber plantation. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/hiep1.htm

Nguyen Van Hiep, Wiktorsson H and Man N V 2008: The effect of molasses on the quality of Kudzu silage and evaluation of feed intake and digestibility of diets supplemented with Kudzu silage or Kudzu hay by heifers. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/hiep2.htm

Nguyen Xuan Ba, Vu Duy Giangand Le Duc Ngoan 2005: Ensiling of mulberry foliage (Morus alba) and the nutritive value of mulberry foliage silage for goats in central Vietnam.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. # 15. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/2/ba17015.htm

Nguyn Thi Kim Dong, Nguyen Van Thu and Preston T R 2008: Effect of dietary protein supply on the reproductive performance of crossbred rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #138. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/9/kdon20138.htm

Nhi N H Y and Preston T R 2012: Growth of red tilapia (Oreochomis mossambicus) and black tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus) with common carp (Ciprinus carpio) in monoculture and polyculture by using natural feed in ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #111. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/nhi24111.htm

Nhi N H Y and Preston T R 2012: Growth of red tilapia (Oreochomis mossambicus) and black tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus) with common carp (Ciprinus carpio) in monoculture and polyculture by using natural feed in ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #111. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/nhi24111.htm

Ninh Thi Len, Jan Erik Lindbergand Brian Ogle (2007). Digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of fibre in local (Mong Cai), F1 (Mong Cai x Yorkshire) and exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) growing pigs in Vietnam. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (In press).

Ninh Thi Len, Jan Erik Lindbergand Brian Ogle (2007). Effect of Dietary Fiber Level on the Performance and Carcass Traits of Mong Cai, F1 Crossbred (Mong Cai x Yorkshire) and Landrace x Yorkshire Pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (In press)

Nnguyen Thi Thu Hong, Quac V A, Kim Chung T T, Hiet B V, Mong N T and Huu P T 2008: Mimosa pigra for growing goats in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #208. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/12/hong20208.htm

Östensson K, Vo Lam, Natahlie Sjögren N and EwWredle E 2012. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and isolated udder pathogens in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam. Trop Anim Health Prod. DOI 10.1007/s11250-012-0320-0

Pathoummalangsy K and Preston T R 2008: Effects of supplementation with rumen fermentable carbohydrate and sources of ‘bypass’ protein on feed intake, digestibility and N retention in growing goats fed a basal diet of foliage of Tithonia diversifolia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/kham20076.htm

Pathoummalangsy Khamparn and Preston T R  2006: Effect of a supplement of fresh water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) on feed intake and digestibility in goats fed a basal diet of cassava foliage.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 35. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/03/kham18035.htm

Pham Tan Nha, Nguyen Van Thu and Preston T R 2008: A field investigation of performance and economic efficiency of working buffaloes in the Mekong Delta. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/nha1.htm

Pham Tan Nha, Nguyen Van Thu and Preston T R 2008: Effects of different levels and sources of crude protein supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in swamp buffaloes compared to local cattle. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/nha2.htm

Phanthavong Vongsamphanhand WanapatM 2004:  Comparison of cassava hay yield and chemical composition of local and introduced varieties and effects of levels of cassava hay supplementation in native beef cattle fed on rice straw.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #55. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/8/vong16055.htm

Pheng Buntha and Chhay Ty 2006: Water-extractable dry matter and neutral detergent fibre as indicators of whole tract digestibility in goats fed diets of different nutritive value. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 33. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/3/bunt18033.htm

Pheng Buntha, Borin K, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Digestibility and nitrogen balance studies in pigs fed diets with ensiled taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves as replacement for fish meal. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/bunt2.htm

Pheng Buntha, Borin K, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Effect of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaf silage as replacement for fish meal on feed intake and growth performance of crossbred pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/bunt3.htm

Pheng Buntha, Borin K, Preston T R and Ogle B 2008: Survey of taro varieties and their use in selected areas of Cambodia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/bunt1.htm

Phengvilaysouk A and Lampheuy Kaensombath 2006: Effect on intake and digestibility by goats given jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves alone, the whole branch or free access to both.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 38. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/03/amma18038.htm

Phengvilaysouk A and Wanapat M 2008: Effect of coconut oil and cassava hay supplementation on rumen ecology, digestibility and feed intake in swamp buffaloes. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/amma2.htm

hengvilaysouk A and Wanapat M 2008: Study on the effect of harvesting frequency on cassava foliage for cassava hay production and its nutritive value. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/amma1.htm

Phiny C, Preston T R and Borin K 2010: Effect of fresh mulberry leaves and sweet potato vines on growth performance of pigs fed a basal diet of broken rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #44. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/phiny22044.htm

Phiny C, Preston T R, Borin K and Thona M 2012: Effect on growth performance of crossbred pigs fed basal diet of cassava root meal and ensiled taro foliage supplemented with protein-enriched rice or fish meal. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #65.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/phin24065.htm

Phonepaseuth Phengsavanh and Ledin Inger 2003: Effect of Stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184) and Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus cv. Kent) in diets for growing goats;  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 10 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/10/seut1510.htm

Phonevilay S, Bounmar H and Preston T R 2013: Methane production from Jack fruit, Muntingia, Leucaena, Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), Mimosa (Mimosa pigra) and Acacia auriculoformis foliages in an in vitro incubation with potassium nitrate as source of NPN. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #15. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/phon25015.htm

Phongpanith S, Inthapanya S and Preston T R 2013: Effect on feed intake, digestibility and N balance in goats of supplementing a basal diet of Muntingia foliage with biochar and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #35.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/2/seng25035.htm

Phounvisouk Latsamy and Preston T R 2008: Effect of fertilization with biodigester effluent on substrates of fruit waste or fermented fish waste, each mixed with pig manure, for growth of larvae from house flies. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/lats1.htm

Phounvisouk Latsamy and Preston T R 2008: Fly larvae, earthworms and duckweed as feeds for frogs in an integrated farming system. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/lats2.htm

Phuong L T B, Khang D N and Preston T R 2012: Effect of NPN source, level of added sulphur and source of cassava leaves on growth performance and methane emissions in cattle fed a basal diet of molasses. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #70. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/phuong24070.htm

Phuong L T B, Khang D N, Preston T R and Leng R A 2012: Mitigating methane emissions from ruminants; comparison of three nitrate salts as sources of NPN (and sinks for hydrogen) in an in vitro system using molasses and cassava leaf meal as substrates. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #17. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/phuo24017.htm

Phuong L T B, Khang D N, Preston T R and Leng R A 2012: Mitigating methane production from ruminants; effect of supplementary sulphate and nitrate on methane production in an in vitro incubation using molasses and cassava leaf meal as substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #18. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/phuo24018.htm

Phuong L T B, Khang D N, Preston T R and Leng R A 2012: Mitigating methane emissions from ruminants; comparison of three nitrate salts as sources of NPN (and sinks for hydrogen) in an in vitro system using molasses and cassava leaf meal as substrates. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #17. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/phuo24017.htm

Phuong L T B, Preston T R and Leng R A 2012: Effect of foliage from “sweet” and “bitter” cassava varieties on methane production in in vitro incubation with molasses supplemented with potassium nitrate or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #189.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/10/phuo24189.htm

Phuong L T L, Ngoan L D and Preston T R 2013: Effects of paddy rice supplementation of Malvaviscus foliage (Malvaviscus penduliflorus) on growth performance of rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #63. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/phuo25063.htm

Phuong N H, Ogle B, Petterson H and Thieu N Q 2012: Detoxifying effects of a commercial additive and Phyllanthus amarus extract in pigs fed fumonisins-contaminated feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #105. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/phuo24105.htm

Phuong N H, Ogle B, Petterson H and Thieu N Q 2012: Detoxifying effects of a commercial additive and Phyllanthus amarus extract in pigs fed fumonisins-contaminated feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #105. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/phuo24105.htm

Pok Samkol, Buntha and Ly J 2003: Nitrogen balance in young Mong Cai and Large White pigs. Diets high in fibre from rubber seed meal. Proceedings of the VII Regional Meeting on Nutrition and Production of Monogastric Animals (R. Santos, J.C. Segura and L. Sarmiento, editors). Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida City, Mexico, p 70-71 (In Spanish).

Pok Samkol, Pech Sovanno, Preston T R and Ly J 2002: Digestibility studies in growing pigs fed diets based on full-fat rubber seeds or soya beans supplemented with water spinach. Livestock Research for Rural Development (14) 6 . http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd14/6/ly146b.htm

Pok Samkol, Preston T R and Leng R A 2006 Effect of offering leaves or stems of water spinach on patterns of eating, consumption of soft faeces and excretion of hard faeces by growing rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 46. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/3/samk18046.htm

Pok Samkol, Preston T R and Ly J 2006 Digestibility indices and N balance in growing rabbits fed a basal diet of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) supplemented with broken rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 19. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/2/samk18019.htm

Pok Samkol, Preston T R and Ly J 2006 Effect of increasing offer level of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) on intake, growth and digestibility coefficients of rabbits.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 22. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/2/samk18022.htm

Prak Kea, Preston T R and Ly J 2003 Feed intake, digestibility and N retention of a diet of water spinach supplemented with palm oil and / or broken rice and dried fish for growing pigs.  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 8 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/8/kea158.htm

Preston T R, Do H Q, Khoa T D, Hao T P and Leng R A 2013: Protein solubility of fish meal and groundnut meal and methane production in an in vitro incubation. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #16. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/hqdo25016.htm

Promkot C and Wanapat M 2003:  Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of crude protein of tropical protein resources using nylon bag technique and three-step in vitro procedure in dairy cattle;  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 11 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/11/prom1511.htm

Promkot  C and Wanapat  M 2004: Effect of level of cottonseed meal and protein in diets containing cassava chips and  rice straw  for  lactating dairy cows. Australasian Asian Journal of Animal Science. 18: 502-511

Quang Do H, Thi Thuy T, Phuc Hao T, Preston T R and Leng R A 2011: Effects of nitrate and sulphur on in vitro methane production and dry matter degradation. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #211. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/10/hqdo23211.htm

San Thy and Preston T R 2003: Effluent from biodigesters with different retention times for primary production and feed of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).   Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 9 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/9/sant159.htm

San Thy, Buntha P, Vanvuth  T, Preston T R, Duong Nguyen Khang, Soukanh K, Boualong Phouthone, Choke Mikled and Sopharoek N 2005: Effect of length: diameter ratio in polyethylene biodigesters on gas production and effluent composition.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 120. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/11/sant17120.htm

San Thy, Khieu Borin, Try Vanvuth, Pheng Buntha and Preston T R 2008: Effect of water spinach and duckweed on fish growth performance in poly-culture ponds. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #16. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/1/sant20016.htm

San Thy, Preston T R and Ly J 2003: Effect of retention time on gas production and fertilizer value  of biodigester effluent;   Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 7 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/7/sant157.htm

Sangkhom I, Preston T R, Khang D N and Leng R A 2012: Effect of method of processing of cassava leaves on protein solubility and methane production in an in vitro incubation using cassava root as source of energy. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #36.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/sang24036.htm

Sangkhom I, Preston T R, Khang D N and Leng R A 2012: Effect of method of processing of cassava leaves on protein solubility and methane production in an in vitro incubation using cassava root as source of energy. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #36. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/sang24036.htm

Sangkhom I, Preston T R, Khang D N and Leng R A 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate and urea as fermentable nitrogen sources on growth performance and methane emissions in local “Yellow” cattle fed lime (Ca(OH)2) treated rice straw supplemented with fresh cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #27. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/sang24027.htm

Sangkhom I, Preston T R, Khang D N and Leng R A 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate and urea as fermentable nitrogen sources on growth performance and methane emissions in local “Yellow” cattle fed lime (Ca(OH)2) treated rice straw supplemented with fresh cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #27. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/sang24027.htm

Sao N V, Mui N T and Binh Đ V 2010: Biomass production of Tithonia diversifolia (Wild Sunflower), soil improvement on sloping land and use as high protein foliage for feeding goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #151. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/sao22151.htm

Sath K, Pauly T and Holtenius K 2012  Mineral balance of Cambodian cattle based on their faecal and urinary excretion. (Accepted: Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances)

Sath K, Pauly T and Holtenius K 2012  Mineral status in cattle fed rice straw and para grass combined with different levels of protein derived from cassava foliage. (Accepted: Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science)

Sath K, Sokun K,  Pauly T and Holtenius K  2012. Feed intake, digestibility, and N retention in cattle fed rice straw and para grass combined with different levels of protein derived from cassava foliage. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 25(7), 956-961.

Seng Sokerya and Preston T R 2003 Effect of grass or cassava foliage on growth and nematode parasite infestation in goats fed low or high protein diets in confinement.  Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 8 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/8/kery158.htm

Sengsouly P, Visam V, Sangkhom I and Preston T R 2012: Effect on growth performance of ducks of supplementing a basal diet of rice bran with water spinach, duckweed or ensiled taro leaves. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #53.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/3/seng24053.htm

Sengsouly P, Visam V, Sangkhom I and Preston T R 2012: Effect on growth performance of ducks of supplementing a basal diet of rice bran with water spinach, duckweed or ensiled taro leaves. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #53. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/3/seng24053.htm

Silivong P, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of supplements of potassium nitrate or urea as sources of NPN on methane production in an in vitro system using molasses and Paper mulberry or Muntingia foliages as the substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #69. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/sili24069.htm

Silivong P, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of supplements of potassium nitrate or urea as sources of NPN on methane production in an in vitro system using molasses and Paper mulberry or Muntingia foliages as the substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #69. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/sili24069.htm

Silivong P, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Feed intake, digestibility and N balance of goats fed Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) or Muntingia (Muntingia calabura) foliages supplemented with NPN from potassium nitrate or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #77. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/5/sili24077.htm

Silivong P, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Feed intake, digestibility and N balance of goats fed Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) or Muntingia (Muntingia calabura) foliages supplemented with NPN from potassium nitrate or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #77. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/5/sili24077.htm

Silivong P, Xaykham O, Aloun O and Preston T R 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate and urea on feed intake, digestibility, N balance and methane production of goats fed a basal diet of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and Mimosa (Mimosa pigra) foliages supplemented with molasses. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #138. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/phon24138.htm

Silivong P, Xaykham O, Aloun O and Preston T R 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate and urea on feed intake, digestibility, N balance and methane production of goats fed a basal diet of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and Mimosa (Mimosa pigra) foliages supplemented with molasses. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #138. Retrieved , from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/phon24138.htm

Sokchea H, Borin K and Preston T R 2013: Effect of biochar from rice husks (combusted in a downdraft gasifier or a paddy rice dryer) on production of rice fertilized with biodigester effluent or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #4.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/sokc25004.htm

Sokerya S, Phanchadcharam C, Suy M and Höglund J 2010: Effects of ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage compared to a soybean meal supplement on gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #115. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/soke22115.htm

Souksamlane K, Ammaly P and Wanapat M 2010: Effect of cassava hay supplementation to untreated rice straw and a mineral-urea block on growth rate of swamp buffaloes under small-holder conditions. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #63. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/4/amma22063.htm

Southavong S, Khammingsavath K, Vyraphet P and Preston T R 2012: Effect of effluent-treated biochar and biodigester effluent on growth of maize (Zea mays) and on soil physical properties. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #104.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/siso24104.htm

Southavong S, Khammingsavath K, Vyraphet P and Preston T R 2012: Effect of effluent-treated biochar and biodigester effluent on growth of maize (Zea mays) and on soil physical properties. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #104. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/siso24104.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) and soil fertility. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #34. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24034.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of biochar and charcoal with staggered application of biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #39. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24039.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of biochar and charcoal with staggered application of biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #39. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24039.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) and soil fertility. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #34. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24034.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of soil amender (biochar or charcoal) and biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #26. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24026.htm

Southavong S, Preston T R and Man N V 2012: Effect of soil amender (biochar or charcoal) and biodigester effluent on growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #26. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/siso24026.htm

Suphawat Joomjantha and Wanapat M 2008: Effect of intercropping on biomass yield and chemical composition of cassava. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/joom1.htm

Suphawat Joomjantha and Wanapat M 2008: Effect of supplementation with tropical protein-rich feed resources on rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/joom2.htm

Tam N H, Hang B P T, Lam V and Preston T R 2013: Growth performance of rabbits fed components of paddy rice as supplements to Operculina turpethum foliage or Operculina turpethum mixed with water spinach. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #49.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/3/tam25049.htm

Thanh T X, Hue K T, Anh N N and Preston T R 2013: Comparison of different forages as supplements to a basal diet of chopped cassava stems for growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #7. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/than25007.htm

Thanh V D, Thu N V and Preston T R 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate or urea as NPN source and levels of Mangosteen peel on in vitro gas and methane production using molasses, Operculina turpethum and Brachiaria mutica as substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #63. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/thanh24063.htm

Thanh V D, Thu N V and Preston T R 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate or urea as NPN sources associated with Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) on methane production, rumen parameters and growth performance of Phan Rang sheep in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #73. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/thanh24073.htm

Thanh V D, Thu N V and Preston T R 2012: Effect of potassium nitrate or urea as NPN source and levels of Mangosteen peel on in vitro gas and methane production using molasses, Operculina turpethum and Brachiaria mutica as substrate. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #63. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/thanh24063.htm

Theng Kouch, Preston T R and Hun Hieak 2006 Effect of supplementation with Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) tree foliage and Ivermectin injection on growth rate and parasite eggs in faeces of grazing goats in farmer households. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 87. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/06/kouc18087.htm

Theng Kouch, T R Preston and J Ly 2003: Studies on utilization of trees and shrubs as the sole feedstuff by growing goats; foliage preferences and nutrient utilization;   Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 7 Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/7/kouc157.htm

Thim Sokha, Preston T R and Borin K 2008: Effect of different protein levels derived from mixtures of water spinach and fresh sweet potato vines in basal diets of broken rice or cassava root meal and rice bran for growing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, supplement. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/sokh.htm

Thu C T T and Trach N X 2012: Effects of early weaning on postpartum resumption of reproduction in mother buffaloes and growth of their calves. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #19. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/thu24019.htm

Thu Hang B P, Lam V, Trang T T, Preston T R and Ledin I 2010: Effect of replacing Melastoma (Melastoma affine, D. Don) foliage with Sesbania grandiflora on intake, digestibility and N retention of growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #39. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/2/thuh22039.htm

Thuy N T 2012: Effects of inclusion of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product meal and probiotics on performance, carcass quality and ileal and total amino acid digestibility in growing chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #187.  http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/10/thuy24187.htm

Tick N and Preston T R 2012: Effect of biodigester effluent, duckweed and leaves from Taro (Colocacia esculenta) on growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in open ponds. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #25. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/tick24025.htm

Tick N and Preston T R 2012: Effect of biodigester effluent, duckweed and leaves from Taro (Colocacia esculenta) on growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in open ponds. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #25. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/tick24025.htm

Tien D T M, Tran N T B, Hang B P T and Preston T R 2013: Silage of banana pseudo-stem and taro foliage as replacement for rice bran fed to common ducks. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #56. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/tien25056.htm

Toan N H and Preston T R 2010: Taro as a local feed resource for pigs in small scale household condition. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #152. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/toan22152.htm

Toum Keopaseuht, Chhay Ty, Bounthong Bouahom and Preston T R 2004: Effect of method of offering foliages of Gliricida sepium and Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 to goats on intake and digestibility; Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #31. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/05/toum16031.htm

Tran Hoang Chat, Ngo Tien Dung, Dinh Van Binh and Preston T R 2005:   Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) as replacement for guinea grass for growing and lactating rabbits Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 109. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/10/chat17109.htm

Tran Hoang Chat, Ngo Tien Dung, Dinh Van Binh and Preston T R  2005: Effect on yield and composition of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and on soil fertility,  of fertilization with worm compost or urea.  Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 17, Article # 108. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/10/chat17108.htm

Tran Thi Bich Ngoc and Preston T R 2006  Soil bio-test to evaluate comparative fertility of soils and effects of adding earthworm compost. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article # 49. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/03/ngoc18049.htm

Tran Thi Bich Ngoc, Ninh Thi Len and Jan Erik Lindberg, 2012. Chemical Characterization and Water Holding Capacity of Fibre-rich Feedstuffs Used for Pigs in Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 25(6), 861-868.

Tran Thi Thu Hong, Nguyen Quang Linh, Ogle B and LindbergJ K 2006: Survey on the prevalence of diarrhoea in pre-weaning piglets, and on feeding systems as contributing risk factors in smallholdings in Central Vietnam. Accepted by Tropical Animal Health and Production.

Trinh Phuc Hao, Ho Quang Do, Preston T R and Leng R A 2009: Nitrate as a fermentable nitrogen supplement for goats fed forage based diets low in true protein. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article #10. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/1/trin21010.htm

Tu D T M, Dong N T K and Preston T R 2012: Effect on composition of duckweed (Lemna minor) of different levels of biodigester effluent in the growth medium and of transferring nutrient-rich duckweed to nutrient-free water. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #71. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/mytu24071.htm

Tu D T M, Dong N T K and Preston T R 2012: Effect on composition of duckweed (Lemna minor) of different levels of biodigester effluent in the growth medium and of transferring nutrient-rich duckweed to nutrient-free water. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #71. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/mytu24071.htm

Tu D T M, Dong N T K and Preston T R 2012: Effect on growth, apparent digestibility coefficients and carcass quality of local Muscovy ducks of feeding high or low protein duckweed (Lemna minor) as replacement for soybean meal in a rice bran basal diet. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #72. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/mytu24072.htm

Tu D T M, Dong N T K and Preston T R 2012: Effect on growth, apparent digestibility coefficients and carcass quality of local Muscovy ducks of feeding high or low protein duckweed (Lemna minor) as replacement for soybean meal in a rice bran basal diet. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #72. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/mytu24072.htm

Van, D.T.T., Ledin, I. & Mui, N.T. 2002. Feed intake and behaviour of kids and lambs fed sugar cane as the sole roughage with or without concentrate. Animal Feed Science and Technology 100 (1-2), 79-91

Van, D.T.T., Mui, N.T. & Ledin, I. 2005. Tropical foliages: Effect of presentation method and species on intake by goats Animal Feed Science and Technology 118, 1-17

Vinh N T, Tuan B Q and Hang N M 2013: The use of Mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) hulls in diets of laying hens. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 25, Article #14. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/vinh25014.htm

Vivasane S, Southavong S, Vyraphet P and Preston T R 2012: Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on growth performance of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #107. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/viva24107.htm

Vivasane S, Southavong S, Vyraphet P and Preston T R 2012: Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on growth performance of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #107. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/viva24107.htm

Vo Lam and Ledin Inger 2004: Effect of feeding different proportions of sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.))and Sesbania grandiflora foliage in the diet on feed intake and growth of goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #77. Retrieved, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/10/lam16077.htm

Xuan Dung N N, Manh L H, Thanh Lam N N and Kamada T 2010: Effects of sugar cane syrup on performance and digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #145. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/xdun22145.htm

Yen Nhi N H and Preston T R 2011: The growth and economics of integrated culture of Tilapia (Oreochomis niloticus) and Common carp (Ciprinus carpio) in an indoor intensive system with earthworms as feed and in natural ponds fertilized with biodigester effluent and supplemented with duckweed. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #161. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/7/nhi23161.htm

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	Sweet potato leaves for growing pigs: biomass yield, digestion and nutritive value; Le Van An, Hue Universityof Agriculture and Forestry
	Studies on the utilization of agro-industrial by-products as protein sources for ducks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam; Nguyen Thi Kim Dong: Can Tho University
	Effect of supplementation of scavenging chickens on feed and nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of local and improved breeds in Vietnam; Do Viet Minh
	Cassava foliage for monogastric animals; forage yield, digestion, influence on gut development and nutritive value; . Khieu Borin
	Cassava leaf as a protein source for cattle in Vietnam; Duong Nguyen Khang
	Some animal and feed factors affecting feed intake, behaviour and performance of small ruminants; Do Thi Thanh Van
	Feeding and forage management systems for smallholder goat productionImproving feed intake of sugarcane and foliage in small ruminants: effect of processing and method of presentation of the feed; Vanthong Phengvichith
	Evaluation of high fibre feeds for growing pigs in Vietnam; Ninh Thi Len
	Evaluation of mycotoxin contamination in Vietnam; Nguyen Quang Thieu
	Dietary modulation of gut microflora to improve pig health and food safety ; Tran Thi Thu Hong
	Effects of cassava foliage on nematode infestation in goats in Cambodia; Seng Sokerya
	Probiotics for Piglets: Effects of probiotics on growth rate, digestibility, health status and features of intestinal microflora of exotic piglets post-weaning under the conditions of Northern Vietnam. Huang Huong Giang:
	Evaluation of Catfish by-product as a protein source for pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Nguyen Thi Thuy: :
	Beef production based on cassava products and legume foliage in Vietnam  Chu Manh Thang:
	Evaluation of locally available feed resources for small-scale freshwater fish production in Central Vietnam. Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram
	How to improve milk quantity and quality by management in the southern part of Vietnam (Preliminary): Vo Lam
	Cassava leaves as protein source for pigs in Central Vietnam; Du Thanh Hang
	The effect of soybean oil drench on the rumen ecosystem, feed intake , digestibility and growth response of crossbred Sind cattle in Mekong Delta, Vietnam; Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan
	Feeding cassava to sheep: nutrient properties and hydrogen cyanide toxicity; , Khuc Thi Hue
	Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta crantz) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) as protein sources for growing pigs in Cambodia;  Chhay Ty
	Evaluation of some local forages as feeds for smallholder pig production in Cambodia; Chiv Phiny
	Erythrina foliage as an alternative feed for growing goats in Lao PDR: Daovy Kongmanila
	Nutrient Utilisation in Growing Cambodian Cattle; Effect of Different Feed Sources and Feed Conservation Techniques; Keo Sath
	Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) – Biomass Production, Ensilability and Feeding Value to Growing Cattle; Ho Thanh Tham
	Nutritional status of local pigs in Central Lao PDR ; Malavanh Chittavong
	Forage legumes as feed for pigs in smallholder production systems in the North of Lao PDR; production systems, forage biomass yield and protein nutrition; Phengsavanh, Phonepaseuth
	Taro Leaf and Stylo Forage as Protein Sources for Pigs in Laos;  ;Lampheuy Kaensombath
	Utilisation of Fibre-rich Feedstuffs for Pigs in Vietnam; Tran Thi Bich Ngoc
	Evaluation of locally available feed resources for striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus); Chau Thi Da

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